美国打击色情物品犯罪的司法实践及困境

美国联邦最高法院从1957年开始掀起审查色情案件的高潮,形成了一系列先例,确立了"硬核色情物品"和"儿童色情物品"不受宪法第一修正案保护的原则.但是美国社会,尤其是联邦最高法院的大法官们对色情物品的危害、淫秽物品的标准以及色情物品受不受宪法第一修正案的保护等问题一直争论不休,导致色情物品泛滥成灾.     

Results of the 2009 Paternity Testing Workshop of the English Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics

Here we present the results of the 2009 Paternity Testing Workshop of the English Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics. The exercise included paternity testing of blood samples from a mother, a child and two alleged fathers. The laboratories were encouraged to answer questions concerning their laboratory routines and a paper challenge was distributed in order to compare statistical calculations. A total of 62 laboratories participated. The laboratories used a total of 49 autosomal STRs and PCR-investigated VNTRs, 19 Y-chromosomal STRs, 8 X-chromosomal STRs, 7 VNTR systems investigated with RFLP, 49 autosomal SNPs and 11 mtDNA SNPs. The rate of typing and reporting errors was 0.1%.     

A X-chromosome STR hexaplex as a powerful tool in deficiency paternity cases

The X-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been described as very adequate tools for solving deficiency paternity cases and kinship tests when women are involved. In the absence of the alleged father, presumed paternal relationship can be more efficiently investigated by using a set of six to ten X-STR markers compared to fifteen autosomal STR. For this study, we compared the usefulness of a X-STR hexaplex developed in our laboratory (DXS7133, DXS7424, DXS8378, DXS6807, DXS7423 and DXS8377) and the commercial kit Identifiler in solving deficiency paternities. We have worked on distinct groups of caseworks involving daughters, their mothers and presumed paternal grandmothers or putative half sisters and their respective mothers. The PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected in an ABI Prism 3100. In the majority of the caseworks (>90%), the likelihood ratio (LR) obtained by using the X-STR hexaplex was higher than the LR value observed when the Identifiler kit was used for genotyping. The combination of the two STR typing systems was able to solve all the cases.     

SNPs in paternity investigation: The simple future

Based on the 52 SNP-plex developed by the SNPforID Consortium, we designed two 10-plex to study single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for human identification and to establish its usefulness in paternity casework. This 20 autosomal SNP set was studied in 56 paternity investigation cases from South Portuguese resident population, also analyzed with 17 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). Results obtained with both methodologies were consistent with each other, except for one case where the alleged father could not be excluded by SNPs. No mutation was found in the SNP loci, whereas a mismatch in STRs was detected. The use of SNPs as a complement to the analysis of autosomal STRs in paternity casework can result in paternity index and paternity probability values equivalent or higher than those obtained with more STR loci, but with lower costs. This study shows that instead of using additional STR loci, the analysis of 20 autosomal SNPs, as a complement technique to standard methodologies, is an appealing alternative in paternity investigation cases.     

DNA profile evidence in complex disputed paternity cases: The analysis of 300 real cases

In disputed paternity cases where the putative father is unavailable DNA from one or more of his relatives could be used. However, interpreting results is often difficult, because of the partial information regarding the parental genotype obtained from his relatives. We analyzed results obtained in 300 real paternity cases performed through close relatives of the real father (sib, half-sibs, one grandparent and/or uncle). DNA was typed with PowerPlex (Promega) and the LR estimated with the Software BDGen. As expected the higher LR values were achieved with sibs and half-sibs (in such cases where his/her mother was available for testing). The LR values were tight related to the number of uninformative loci, which varied between 0 and 13. In 10% of the reviewed cases, 10 or more non-informative loci were observed; all of them associated LR values below 0.01. Thus, providing evidence in favor of no relatedness.     

匹拉米洞与联苯胺在血痕预实验中的灵敏性及DNA损伤检测研究

目的血液痕迹是暴力犯罪现场最易遗留的一类痕迹,是法医学检验中最常见和最重要的一类物证。血痕预实验是利用化学检测的方法从现场大量分布的可疑斑迹中初步筛选可能是血痕的重要方法,是法医学鉴定的重要前提。本文比较匹拉米洞法和联苯胺法的灵敏度、对DNA-STR检验的影响以及对细胞核的损伤情况,以探索匹拉米洞法应用于血痕预实验的可行性。方法对新鲜全血进行梯度稀释,观察比较检测灵敏度;利用Chelex-100提取匹拉米洞、联苯胺等试剂预检后的血痕样本中的DNA,应用PCR-STR技术及荧光检测技术检测样本的STR分型,观察STR分型结果,比较两种方法对后续DNA-STR检验的影响;在细胞培养液中加入联苯胺、匹拉米洞,应用彗星电泳技术评价细胞核DNA的损伤。结果匹拉米洞法可检测的最低血红蛋白浓度为25μg/m L,灵敏度低于联苯胺法(5μg/m L);DNA-STR有效分型率为96.67%,远高于联苯胺法(18.09%);联苯胺组彗星尾长为52.40±9.21、尾距为43.29±4.85、尾部DNA含量为16.25±2.35,显著高于匹拉米洞组。结论匹拉米洞法可用于血痕预实验,对血痕中DNA的损伤、对DNA-STR分型的影响均低于联苯胺法,可替代联苯胺作为新的法医学血痕预实验方法。     

The Concealed Information Test is Susceptible to Misleading Information

An approach toward detecting hidden knowledge is the Concealed Information Test (CIT). It relies on the memory of crime‐relevant information. This study investigated whether its validity is susceptible to memory distortion by misleading information. A misleading information paradigm was employed to distort memory prior to an interrogation with a CIT. Forty‐one participants watched a video with specific crime‐related information. After a 1‐week retention interval, misleading information was introduced. Afterward, a CIT was performed, followed by a threefold memory test. When misleading information was presented, memory performance was reduced, and no physiological response differences between crime‐relevant and crime‐irrelevant information were found. Without presenting misleading information, physiological responses differed between responses to crime‐relevant and crime‐irrelevant information. However, responses in all physiological measures also differed between misleading and irrelevant information. The results indicate that the CIT is susceptible to misleading information, which reduces its validity in specific constellations.     

大学英语写作测试命题原则、来源及类别

本文对历年来大学英语四、六级写作测试中的命题原则、命题题材来源和分类进行了分析,探讨了大学英语四、六级写作测试的发展动态以及作文设立最低分的命题特点,并就考前的准备提出了具体建议：必须有计划、有步骤、有针对性地进行英语短文写作能力的强化训练。     

犯罪心理测试结论及其证据属性

证据具有客观性、关联性、合法性等特征,鉴定结论属于证据的一种。理论和实践都证明犯罪心理测试结论也具有证据的客观性、关联性、合法性等特征,因此,犯罪心理测试结论的属性是证据,且属于《刑事诉讼法》规定的七种证据形式之一的鉴定结论。当前我国犯罪心理测试制度存在不科学、不完善等问题,应从测试主体、测试程序、测试环境条件、测试方法和测试结论的审查等方面规范测试制度。     

国内法庭科学中文件制成时间检验技术简析

文件制成时间的检验多年来一直是国际法庭科学的热点问题。上世纪 30年代以来 ,各国法庭科学工作者利用各种现代分析仪器对墨水字迹、圆珠笔油墨字迹形成时间进行广泛研究 ,取得了许多研究成果。我国对墨水字迹书写时间检验技术的研究起步较晚 ,始于 5 0年代 ,经过三十年的努力 ,与国外先进水平之间的差距逐步缩小。但是 ,在许多基层办案部门 ,受技术水平、仪器设备等条件的限制 ,开展该项业务还缺乏科学规范性。