同案同判下司法技术与情理的平衡

同案同判旨在通过指导案例和类案检索制度促进法律统一适用,从而树立司法公信力。同案同判表示着司法技术化趋势,而司法技术化是中国近代以来愈加推崇的形式理性及其所引领的市场经济、科技发展的必然结果。同案同判一方面保证了法律的确定性与司法的形式正义,另一方面却因法律适用过程中的技术化操作牺牲了部分个案的实质正义。既然同案同判的最终目的是向社会树立司法公正价值,那么就必须兼顾社会公正观。当代社会的主流公正观是在法治前提下追求情理法兼容。这是法律儒家化的结果,符合中华文明的和谐平衡观,是传统司法的首要原则。司法技术化与传统情理法的冲突,深层次是中西文化、传统与现代的冲突。近代以来,中国对技术过度迷信,导致司法公正与民众公正观的间隙扩大。这需以情理法兼容的传统予以调和,使司法不仅仅是科学的法律知识与程序之学,更是兼顾伦理观的司法技艺。司法技术只能作为解决当前司法适用不统一的过渡与辅助手段,长远来看,需通过拓展法官的综合知识与培育伦理素质以正确适用、阐释法律。     

You shouldn't feel that way! Extending the emotional victim effect through the mediating role of expectancy violation

Recent research has shown that the ‘emotional victim effect’ (an emotional victim is more readily believed than a nonemotional victim) is mediated by expectancy violation: people base their judgments about a victim's credibility on their expectations of the victim's suffering. Victims whose behavior is inconsistent with these expectations suffer a loss of credibility. In this article, we further examine the role of expectancy violation and explore possible negative effects of a victim's highly emotional post-crime reaction. Using several mediations, we demonstrate three important contributions to the existing literature. First, we demonstrate that, in the same way as expectancy violation mediates the effect from nonverbal emotional expression on perceived credibility, this mediating effect would also hold for the verbal expression of emotions. Second, we demonstrate that expectancy violation mediates the effect from a victim's verbal emotional expression on the observer's attitude toward the victim. More specifically, we demonstrate that a highly emotional written Victim Impact Statement (VIS) could lead to secondary victimization, dependent on the observer's expectations regarding the effects of the crime. Third, this article is the first to demonstrate that expectancy violation leads to a negative effect on people's acceptance of the VIS in the criminal justice procedure.     

Problems in expert deception detection and the risk of false confessions: no proof to the contrary in Levine et al. (2014)

Lie-detection research has shown that observers who rely on nonverbal cues or on verbal cues correctly classify on average 54% of truth tellers and liars. In addition, over the years, countless numbers of innocent people have made false confessions and, in analysing the problem, researchers have implicated both a suspect's vulnerability and the persuasive influence of certain police interrogation tactics. Levine et al. (2014) aim to contribute to these vast bodies of literature by reporting two studies purportedly showing that expert interviewers – when they are permitted to question interviewees – can achieve almost perfect accuracy without eliciting false confessions. We argue that theoretical and methodological aspects of these studies undermine the reliability and validity of the data reported, that as a result the studies do not contribute to the scientific literatures on lie detection and false confessions in any meaningful way, and that the results are dangerously misleading.     

能动司法与司法判决的公众认同——兼论司法公信力的提高

面对纷繁复杂的矛盾纠纷,法官应该能动司法,追求民意和司法判决的平衡,以提升司法的公信力,实现司法的政治效果、社会效果和法律效果的统一。能动司法有利于提升司法判决的公众认同度和实现法律价值。为进一步促进司法判决的公众认同,在实践中,应推崇走下＂神台＂的法官——倡导亲民式审判;了解道德习惯——探寻民意和司法判决的平衡;注重合理引导——恰当地行使释明权;打开判决过程中的＂暗箱＂——对判决理由据理说明,进而不断提高司法的公信力。     

非法证据的有限排除主义之惑——对《非法证据排除规定》五大理论问题之解读

《关于办理刑事案件排除非法证据若干问题的规定》在对非法证据尤其是非法言词证据的界定、非法证据的证据能力之排除及证明责任的分配、证明标准的设计方面具有开创性的意义。但从该文本在非法实物证据及其排除方面的阙如、对非法言词证据排除在程序设计上的不彻底性等几个方面来看,它所设定的仍是一种对非法证据有保留地排除制度,遵循的其实是非法证据的有限排除主义,因而有进一步完善的必要。     

全媒体时代下政法干警媒介素养培育探析

作为政法队伍教育整顿重要内容之一,加强政法干警媒介素养培育是顺应全媒体时代发展的迫切需要,也是做好政法宣传工作、提升执法司法公信力的现实要求。政法干警媒介素养培育内容主要包括评价媒介信息、运用媒介手段、掌握政法信息公开和新闻传播的相关法律法规知识等;在培育路径上运用案例、模拟情境、项目教学等多样化方式,力求实现培育训练情景化、模拟化、实战化目标。     

Cultural Identities of Adolescent Immigrants: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study Including the Pre-Migration Period

This article investigates the cultural identities of adolescent immigrants in the pre-migration period and during the first 3 years after immigration. The target population consists of high-school Jewish adolescents from Russia and Ukraine participating in an Israeli immigration program. In this program, Jewish adolescents immigrate to Israel without their parents, live in kibbutzim and boarding schools, and study in Israeli schools. Participants filled out questionnaires four times: half a year before their departure from the homeland and once a year for three consecutive years after their arrival to Israel. Changes in the cultural identities during immigration were curvilinear. Three stages were distinguished: devaluation of the homeland and idealization of the country of immigration in the pre-migration period, disillusionment with the receiving country and strengthening of the homeland cultural identity in the first year after immigration, and the formation of an inconsistent bi-cultural identity in the later post-migration period. Throughout the entire post-migration period, immigrants’ attitude towards the receiving country was more positive than their attitude towards their homeland; however, immigrants’ sense of belonging to the homeland was stronger than their sense of belonging to the receiving country. Pre-migration cultural identities and perceived discrimination in the receiving country predicted post-migration cultural identities of immigrants. Immigrant adolescents from ethnically homogenous Jewish families had a less positive attitude towards Russia/Ukraine, a more positive attitude towards Israel, and a weaker sense of belonging to Russia/Ukraine as compared to immigrants from ethnically mixed families.

Credibility of the Emotional Witness: A Study of Ratings by Court Judges

Previous studies have shown that the emotional behavior displayed during testimony may affect the perceived credibility of the witness. The present study compares credibility ratings by Norwegian court judges with those made by lay people. The participants viewed one of three video-recorded versions of a rape victim's statement, role played by a professional actress. The statement was given in a free-recall manner with one of three kinds of emotions displayed, termed congruent, neutral, and incongruent emotional expression. The results show that, in contrast to lay people, the credibility ratings of court judges and their votes for a guilty verdict were not influenced by the emotions displayed by the witness. Results are discussed in terms of professional expertise.     

司法确定力的形成逻辑

司法确定力是与法院的宪法地位密切相关的,宪法对法院的独立地位以及解决纠纷、救济权利和发展法律的功能定位,是司法确定力的权威渊源;司法确定力来自于司法的管辖权威,法院在法律规定的范围内、在自己的能力范围内受理案件,运用法律知识、司法理性和司法经验,按照司法规律对案件事实和法律适用问题进行权威判断,为司法确定力提供了前提;司法确定力源于司法的整合权威,法院在审理案件过程中,通过对立法时的民意与法律适用时的民意、普遍正义与个别正义、法律正义与社会正义的有机结合建构了司法的整合权威,为司法确定力提供坚实的基础;司法确定力依赖于裁判的执行权威,当事人自觉履行生效判决的文化意识和国家强制执行生效判决的权威能量为司法确定力提供坚强的保障。     

我国慈善组织公信力之法律规制

慈善组织公信力关涉到慈善事业运行的正当性基础。我国慈善事业公信力缺失的主要原因在于慈善运营中的信息失灵,根本原因在于我国立法存在弊误,有必要借鉴域外立法有益经验,构建我国慈善组织公信力之法制。