北美自由贸易协定中的环境问题及其对我国的启示

在《北美自由贸易协定》(NAFTA)中,明确规定了与环境保护有关的内容。《北美环境合作协议》(NAAEC),在美、加、墨三国之间形成了一个三边环境协定、各国环境法律、公众广泛参与的立体环境保护网络系统,较好地实现了贸易自由化与环境保护的协调。充分的透明度、民众可就任何成员方未能有效执行环境法提供相关报告是其协调贸易与环境关系的成功之处。对我国的三点启示:公众参与环境保护是国家实施环境行政管理权力的有益补充;公众参与环境保护必须有法律作后盾;利益刺激是提高公众参与环境保护程度的有效手段。     

论无限防卫权

无限防卫权是刑法赋予公民的一项十分重要的权利。但如何正确理解和行使这项权利,争论颇大。本文就争论较大的三个问题:无限防卫权的设置、刑法第20条第3款中有关用语的理解和无限防卫权的构成条件进行了分析。     

浅谈校园网建设

校园网络建设是校园信息化建设的基本条件之一 ,在校园网络建设过程中应注意设计原则、设计目标、设计思想等问题     

论驰名商标的认定与保护——兼评《驰名商标认定和保护规定》

驰名商标能为其标示的商品和服务带来更大价值,也更容易遭到侵害.各国立法及国际公约因此对驰名商标给予特殊保护,我国对驰名商标的认定和保护法律制度也在不断完善之中.在驰名商标的认定主体、认定标准、保护范围等方面与国际接轨,趋于合理.应加强完善驰名商标和域名或其他商业标志冲突的解决机制;在认定保护的效力上严格贯彻"个案保护"原则.     

呆护与惩罚：未成年人犯罪刑事政策之选择

对于未成年人犯罪,无论是严厉的刑罚惩治还是人性化的轻刑化、非刑罚化处理, 就实证效果看,都有一定的局限性。笔者主张,应对未成年人犯罪,宜采取轻刑化和刑罚严厉化两极化的刑事政策,以对未成年人犯罪这一社会顽疾实现综合治理。     

德国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护及其启示

人工智能时代的到来,有关其创造物的知识产权法保护问题给现有的法律理念与规则带来了巨大挑战。因而比较法视阈欧盟背景下的德国经验或许有一定参考意义;即先通过评介欧盟层面与人工智能相关的法政策与伦理准则,再从德国层面整理其创造物知识产权法保护上的实务经验与理论讨论。进而从中获得对我国的启示:一方面,呼吁今后在我国人工智能创造物知识产权法保护的外部,进一步细化相关的法政策,并着手制定相适应的伦理准则;另一方面,在其内部,基于当前现行法修改实际,分别从专利法、著作权法二个主要维度提出具体的完善建议。并强调内外规制体系间的协调配合,以期塑造既具体可行又灵活完整的我国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护体系。     

论数据使用保护的国际知识产权制度

商业组织在全球范围内使用数据获得法律保护是数据经济进一步发展的基石。对数据使用的知识产权保护意味着保护“数据”的各种外在呈现形式,尤其是数据集合。数据经营者对数据经济的贡献、数据主权和数字人权带来的现实障碍提出了迫切要求。以德国、美国和日本为代表的主要国家对数据使用保护进行的知识产权立法为数据跨境流动相关制度研究提供了基础。世界贸易组织、世界知识产权组织以及欧盟对数据使用提供了现实保护,但是现有国际法律制度无法对大量存在的非独创性数据集合提供充分保护。其原因包括各国发展水平不一致、数据主权和个人数据保护受到更多关注、国际法碎片化发展趋势等。对此,应在数据相关制度和实践中坚持促进数据使用为指导原则;在TRIPs体系内构建非独创性数据集合制度,该制度在保护数据集合专有权的同时应注重平衡个人数据保护、数据主权和公众信息获取权。立足中国参与全球数据治理现状,中国应在著作权法体系下构建非独创性数据集合有限排他权,并完善相关立法和实施以促进跨境数据流动。     

Creating Stable Agreements in Marine Policy: Learning from the California South Coast Marine Life Protection Act Initiative

In this article, we examine the California South Coast Marine Life Protection Act Initiative stakeholder process, evaluate its shortcomings, and consider what could have been done differently. Our objective is to make recommendations to improve future multi‐stakeholder marine policy processes. In our view, while the South Coast stakeholder process had many positive outcomes, it failed to reach what we call here a “stable agreement.” Our analysis is based on two of the authors’ involvement (one as a facilitator and the other as a stakeholder representative) in the process and a post‐hoc survey of participants. We find that several ill‐advised process design and management choices significantly destabilized the negotiations, leading to an ultimately unstable agreement. We highlight four major problematic process design and management decisions, including the following: representation on the multi‐stakeholder group was imbalanced, the pre‐meeting caucuses were not paired with training in interest‐based negotiation, adequate incentives to negotiate toward a consensus agreement were not provided, and the use of straw voting at one point in the process was unclear and inconsistent. As a result of these and other process design and management flaws, many stakeholders believed that the process was biased and that their ends would be better achieved by anchoring negotiations and engaging in positional bargaining. Ultimately, this meant that near‐consensus on a single cross‐interest marine protected area proposal was not reached, the scientific guidelines put forth were not fully met, the process was not and is not viewed as fair by the stakeholders directly or indirectly involved, and the marine protected area regulations lack broad‐scale support. These pitfalls of the South Coast stakeholder process could have been avoided had the management and facilitation team consistently followed best practices in dispute resolution. We recommend that future marine planning processes learn from this example, particularly those occurring in highly complex, urban ocean environments.     

The Place of Wishes and Feelings in Best Interests Decisions: Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B

In Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B the Court of Protection decided that it was not in the best interests of Mr B to receive amputation surgery against his will, notwithstanding that he would die without the treatment. The judge met with Mr B in person and his best interests decision placed significant weight on Mr B's wishes and feelings. This case note considers this influential case in the context of ongoing debate about the place of wishes and feelings in best interests decisions under the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It considers the history of the best interests principle, its interpretation by the Supreme Court in Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v James, ongoing debates about its compatibility with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and recent proposals by the Law Commission for statutory amendments to the Mental Capacity Act.     

Child Protection Law as an Independent Variable

Child protection professionals work in a multidisciplinary system in which the law and the family court play central roles and which collects an increasing amount of data. Yet we know little about what impact the law has on whether a child is removed by child protective services, is deemed neglected by a family court, or reunifies with a parent. Do state‐to‐state variations in child protection laws, or changes by individual states to their laws, lead to different outcomes for children and families? The dramatic variations in child welfare practice from one state to another suggest that legal variations do matter. Yet empirical research on these questions is scarce both because we collect too little data to measure all such issues, and, because we have failed to study the data we do have. This article is a plea for researchers to rectify that problem and for policymakers to improve data collection. Doing so would facilitate a more clear understanding of the law's effect on child protection outcomes and aid policymakers and advocates in identifying both promising and problematic practices and legal reforms.