The Malthusian intermezzo: Women's wages and human capital formation between the late Middle Ages and the demographic transition of the 19th century

The paper offers a new explanation for ‘the great conundrum’, the acceleration of population growth in England in the second half of the 18th century. It is argued that it was not only population growth that was ‘different’ in England, but the stagnation of the rise of literacy and of human capital in general, seems to be an anomaly of this period. This ‘conundrum’ has been explained in the following way. It is demonstrated that in England the gender wage gap increased a lot during the early modern period, which was caused by: (a) the switch from post Black Death labour scarcity to labour surplus, which in particular harmed the economic position of women, and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, leading to the rise of large-scale, capital intensive and labour extensive farms, which had a very limited demand for female (wage) labour. This is also suggested by the fact that on the Continent (in the Netherlands) a much smaller decline of female wages occurred, because there family farms continued to be quite important. Moreover, the decline of English wages had important effects on its demographic development. It helps to explain the decline of the average age of marriage of in particular women between 1600 and 1800, and the related increase in fertility that occurred in this period — resulting in a much faster rate of population growth after 1750 than elsewhere in Western-Europe. It also helps to explain the stagnation in human capital formation that occurred during the 18th and early 19th century — again a feature peculiar for the English development in these years. The explanation of ‘the great conundrum’ is therefore intimately linked to the changing position of women on the labour market and within marriage.     

Y-chromosome and autosomal STR diversity in four proximate settlements in Central Anatolia

Due to the longstanding human presence in the region and the influence of social traditions, the genetic make-up of populations currently inhabiting Turkey (Anatolia) is quite complex. To characterize the patterns of genetic diversity in rural Central Anatolian villages, we analyzed samples collected at four local settlements for variation at 17 Y-chromosome STR and 15 autosomal STR loci. The resulting data reveal considerable diversity within these settlements, as well as some structure in the paternal genetic variation, with a limited number of haplotypes being shared between the communities. These findings have important implications for forensic studies of Turkish populations.     

Population genetics data of 23 autosomal STR loci for three Populations in United Arab Emirates

In the present study, forensic parameters were estimated for three populations residing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) including UAE Arabs, Pakistanis and Indians based on the population data of 23 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs). The UAE Arabs is a vital population to study due to high rates of consanguineous marriages. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the allele distribution and frequencies within this population. In addition, it is crucial to study the largest communities living in the UAE such as Indians and Pakistanis. A total of 1272 blood samples were collected on FTA® cards, comprising of 571 UAE Arabs, 352 Indians and 349 Pakistanis. All of these samples were amplified directly using Verifiler® Express PCR Amplification Kit that focuses on 23 autosomal STR loci, namely D3S1358, vWA, D16S539, CSF1PO, TPOX, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D2S441, D19S433, TH01, FGA, D22S1045, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D10S1248, D1S1656, D12S391, D2S1338, D6S1043, Penta D and Penta E loci. The PCR products were electrophoresed on ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer and analyzed using GeneMapper ID-X v1.4 software. Arlequin v3.5 and PowerStats software were utilized to determine the forensic parameters and population structure using AMOVA. Gene diversity, ranged from 0.67406 (TPOX) to 0.9226 (Penta E) in the UAE Arabs, 0.69955 (TPOX) to 0.9214 (Penta E) in Indian and 0.69853 (TPOX) to 0.921 (Penta E) in Pakistani population. The most discriminating autosomal STR loci observed was Penta E (PD = 0.985), (PD = 0.986), (PD = 0.986) in the UAE Arabs, Indian and Pakistani population, respectively. The obtained results showed the 23 STR loci had a relatively high genetic variation, confirming the suitability for forensic identification and kinship analysis, in the relevant populations. The significance of this study is to build an allelic frequency database for one of the most powerful commercially available STR amplification kits by using the current forensic workflow.     

对公安机关建立"服务型"外来人口管理工作机制的思考

为了适应发展社会主义民主法制和贯彻依法治国方略的新形势,公安机关对外来人口的管理也应由"防范式"管理向"服务型"管理转变.因此,必须转变观念,强化服务意识,建立法制化、政府化、社会化和信息化的"服务型"外来人口管理工作新机制.     

预防流动人口犯罪保障西部大开发顺利进行

“西部大开发”必将带来人口的大流动,而流动人口的犯罪问题,又会影响社会稳定,阻碍西部地区的开发进程。因此,应加紧制定全国性的流动人口管理法规;在流动人口流入流出重点省市建立针对流动人口的广播电台;建立暂住人口信息化管理系统;加强服务,提高管理水平。     

提高认识 加强对上海外来流动人口的管理

人口流动是市场经济发展和社会进步的必然趋势。外来流动人口对上海的建设和繁荣作出了贡献,但也对社会治安秩序带来了负面影响。上海应根据城市建设发展需要加强对外来流动人口的管理工作,正确处理好敞开城门与设置门槛的关系,搞好流入地和流出地的管理合作,在加强部门管理的同时发挥综合管理优势,使日常管理与集中整治、属地管理与自我管理相结合,做到既依法严格管理,又热情服务,努力提高上海对外来流动人口的管理水平。     

关于流动人口子女教育问题的探讨

流动人口子女的教育问题,是中国教育面临的一大难题,要想解决,牵一发而动全身,涉及到教育、公安、财政、法制等诸多方面深层次的体制问题,确是不易,关键在于尽快改变现行的城市人口二元化管理方式,改善城市外来人员的尴尬现状。     

少数民族人口现代化述论

研究少数民族人口现代化能够加深对民族共同体的认识,丰富人口现代化理论的发展,对民族地区现代化建设具有重要意义。少数民族人口现代化主要包括:少数民族人口生育现代化、少数民族人口素质的现代化、少数民族人口结构的现代化三方面内容,其评价指标体系共有三大内容六项指标。     

Genetic analysis of 15 STR loci in the population of Zhejiang Province (Southeast China)

Fifteen autosomal STR loci were analyzed from a population sample of 598 unrelated individuals residing in Zhejiang Province. We report allele frequencies distribution and statistical parameters for all 15 STR loci, D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, THO1, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, VWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA. Allele frequencies, the observed heterozygosity (Ho), the polymorphic information content (PIC), and the probability of paternity exclusion (PE) were calculated. All loci were in accordance with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). Our studied population data were compared with the previously published population data of other ethnic groups or areas in China. Our results of present study were valuable for human identification and paternity tests in Zhejiang Province.     

The single most polymorphic STR Locus: SE33 performance in U.S. populations

The STR locus SE33 (ACTBP2) located on chromosome 6 (6q14) is arguably the most polymorphic marker examined thus far by the forensic community with a heterozygosity of >0.95 in some populations. Three different primer sets were utilized in this study in order to assess the possibilities of primer binding site mutations. Population variation was measured in 460 U.S. Caucasian, 445 African American, 336 Hispanic, and 202 Asian samples along with mutation rates from almost 400 father–son pairs. In addition, the 10 genomic DNA components in NIST Standard Reference Material SRM 2391b were sequenced and found to exhibit a variety of additional base changes, insertions, and deletions outside of the SE33 repeat region.