沙俄时期远东的人口与劳动力问题

16世纪中下叶至19世纪中下叶,沙俄夺取了西伯利亚和远东,一跃成为土地辽阔、地跨欧亚两洲的大国。沙俄时期的远东就是其侵占的西伯利亚最东部。远东地区地广人稀,沙俄必须解决当地人口与劳动力极度匮乏的问题,以实现对这一新吞并土地的有效统治。沙俄为此采用了移民、惩处性垦殖等措施来改善远东人口和劳动力状况,使远东地区人口和劳动力有所增加,逐步实现了对该地区的有效占领和控制,但沙俄的东扩是充满暴力和野蛮行径的殖民过程,再加上远东恶劣的环境及沙俄政府移民政策的缺陷,注定了沙俄时期难以有效解决远东人口与劳动力问题。     

俄罗斯人口健康问题初探

20世纪90年代至今,俄罗斯出现了严重的人口危机,不仅人口数量下降,人口的健康状况也存在很多问题,如居民的卫生条件差、饮食营养结构缺乏科学性、日常生活习惯不健康等。俄罗斯联邦政府努力加大医生的培养力度、增加医疗卫生拨款、提高社会福利待遇、改善人民生活、倡导健康生活方式、努力延长人口平均寿命。     

内蒙古蒙古族人群17个Y-STR基因座频率分布及单倍型组成

目的调查17个Y-STR基因座在内蒙古蒙古族男性人群中的分布情况。方法收集184例蒙古族男性无关个体血样,Chelex-100提取DNA,PCR复合扩增17个Y-STR基因座,3130-XL全自动基因分析仪分型。结果 184例男性共检出181种不同的单倍型,其中178种为单一型,另有3种单倍型均检出2例,HD（单倍型）值为0.9998;17个Y-STR基因座座的GD值为0.4326～0.9296。结论 17个Y-STR基因座多数在内蒙古蒙古族男性人群中有较好分布,对法医学和人类群体遗传学研究具有重要价值。     

小城镇各阶层家庭消费结构实证研究——以S小城镇调查为例

本文从消费的角度分析社会分层的现象,采用这种方法的一个原因是消费的概念可以揭示一个事实：消费嵌入于具体的社会关系中。通过对S小城镇家庭消费结构的实证研究,说明消费不仅仅是意义的符号游戏,而与地位概念相对立。总的来说,家庭的消费不仅被所属的社会阶级所型塑,而且也为其所属阶级和其他阶级之间的关系所型塑。     

现代性、社会分层与监狱类型发展

监狱类型是刑罚思想影响下监狱形态的多向度的存在,是历史性与现实性相融合的制度话语。在现代性语境下,监狱虽然一般多以罪犯的年龄、性别、人身危险性等为标准设定．但按照高、中、低等三种基本警戒度来分类监狱,也渐成趋势。当下,建构监狱类型不应悬置或忽视社会分层与社会流动问题。押犯入狱前的阶层身份,对其服刑与改造历程的影响是相当复杂、深刻的。监狱分类与分级管理,都应当关注囚犯来源阶层构成。从现有押犯捕前阶层构成来看,起码要针对来自于中间阶层和底层的囚犯设定监狱类型,即可以考虑增设“中间／中产阶层”监狱和“农业／无业阶层”监狱,以推进法治维度上的监狱类型的发展。     

Population genetic data of 15 tetrameric short tandem repeats (STRs) in Berbers from Morocco

The allele frequency distribution of 15 short tandem repeats (STR) loci contained in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems), was determined in two Berber populations from Asni and Bouhria, in Central and Eastern Morocco, respectively. A total of 209 individuals were typed. No deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed for Asni at the 15 STRs loci whereas for the Bouhria samples, two loci (D5S818 and TH01) showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (after Bonferroni's correction). All loci are highly polymorphic and population differentiation tests showed that the Moroccan samples from Asni and Bouhria have significant differences in 4 out of 15 loci (D21S11, D7S820, D16S539 and TPOX). The aim of the study was to obtain accurate allele frequencies relevant for forensic applications. Comparative analyses between our population data and other population samples gathered from the literature are also presented.     

Genetic study of 15 STRs loci of Identifiler system in Angola population

Angola is located in the African continent, in the area of southern Africa and has a population of approximately 14 million inhabitants. The Angola population has origin from Occidental and Southern Bantu people that came from the great lakes region, creating the most ever known African migration of our days.Allele frequencies for the 15 STRs loci in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, HUMTH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, HUMVWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, HUMFIBRA/FGA and including the segment of the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin) were studied for Angola population.The genotype frequency of the 15 STR loci showed no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations and great values for the combined power of discrimination and combined power of a priori exclusion validate the application of these markers in forensic genetics. Comparative analyses between Angola population data and other relevant population database from Africa, Europe and American are presented.     

农村社会阶层分化对维护农村社会稳定的挑战及其应对措施

当前,中国农村社会正处于社会转型期,单一型社会结构已经解体,复合型社会结构得以重构,传统意义上的农民阶级出现分化和重组,农村社会呈现出利益分化、价值观念分化和组织分化的局面,从而给农村社会的和谐稳定带来了挑战。本文认为,可以通过发展农村经济、促进社会公平、构建社会主义核心价值体系和整合基层组织资源等途径来确保农村地区的长期和谐稳定与发展。     

From Ahogado to Zorrillo: external causes of mortality in the California missions

The history of grandparents is too often founded on a demographic prejudice, that is, the very low statistical possibility of children having known their grandparents before the rise in life expectancy in the twentieth century. On the basis of a sample of several thousand children bom in the region of Vernon (Normandy) at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, the article contests this idea and shows that newborns knew about half of their grandparents, with a slight advantage on the grandmothers' side. Inequalities were present between elder and younger siblings, but the latter also profited from the presence of their forbears. Consequently, the study of the different functions served by grandparents in the traditional family should be pursued, and questions should be raised about the contemporary concept of “new grandparents” by separating it from the demographic assumption on which it is based.