Responsible use of crop protection products and Nigeria's growth enhancement support scheme

This article examines the impact of the federal government of Nigeria's growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) on responsible use of crop protection products (CPPs) in rural Nigeria. Results from the logistic regressions show that GESS significantly impact on farmers’ access to CPPs but does not significantly impact on farmers’ knowledge and skill of CPP application, and that in several cases misuse has led to deterioration of soil fertility. Findings suggests that embracing information on recommended CPPs, dose rates, dilutions, timing, frequency of applications, and precautions should form the foundation of GESS activity on CPPs in sub-Saharan Africa.     

对民族贫困地区旅游开发管理的思考——以贵州省黔东南州为例

近年来,随着中国民族贫困地区旅游业的不断发展,旅游开发管理跟不上发展需要比较突出。文章采用层次分析等研究方法,对贵州省黔东南州旅游开发管理存在的问题进行分析评价。在此基础上,提出优化黔东南州旅游开发管理的对策,为有关政府部门作为参考。     

Measuring the Relationship Between Youth Criminal Participation and Household Economic Resources

Using data from the NLSY97, this paper re-examines the empirical relationship between household economic resources and youth criminal participation. Previous estimates of this relationship have often suggested this relationship to be quite weak or even non-existent. However, this analysis suggests that much of the strength of the relationship between household economic resources and youth criminal participation may be obscured due to non-linearities in this relationship, the fact that this relationship is isolated to crimes of a serious nature only, and especially because of measurement error with respect to measuring household economic resources. I show that adjusting for these issues substantially increases the estimated strength of this relationship. Indeed, the results in this paper show that the differences in serious criminal participation between youth from households in the upper parts of the income distribution and youth from households in the lower parts of the income distribution appear to be greater than the difference in serious criminal participation between genders.

劳动力视角下深度贫困的生成逻辑及治理路径

厘清贫困问题生成逻辑是实施有效贫困治理的前提条件。如今在全国脱贫工作取得巨大成就的同时,少数深度贫困地区却因多种常规扶贫措施均无法奏效而陷入久扶不能脱贫的困境。在对陕西省L县进行实证研究的基础上,发现劳动力因素是导致深度贫困地区致(返)贫最普遍原因之一。据此,按劳动力自我发展意识与可行性能力两大根本属性在不同维度的排列组合,将其区分为生存性劳动力、非自愿生存性劳动力、发展性劳动力与潜在发展性劳动力四种基本类型,进而在"发展意识—可行性能力"这一分析框架下深刻剖析贫困问题生成逻辑。研究发现,劳动力因素对于家庭能否脱离贫困至关重要,生存性劳动力对于脱贫作用有限,脱离贫困主要依靠发展性劳动力,缺乏发展性劳动力则容易致(返)贫。基于此,未来深度贫困地区贫困治理路径则应区分劳动力类型,在做好政策兜底的基础上聚焦于培育发展性劳动力,为脱贫攻坚提供根本动力保障。     

中国贫困治理三十年回顾与前瞻

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,也是贫困问题最突出的国家.改革开放30年来,随着国民经济的持续快速增长和政府采取强有力的反贫措施,贫困现象得到了大幅度、大面积的缓解,因而,中国贫困治理的经验具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文通过对我国反贫困三十年四个主要阶段的分析,将中国贫困治理的主要经验概括为:政府主导型的贫困治理、渐进式的贫困治理、以宏观经济的平稳发展来确保贫困治理的长效性、引导社会力量参与来构建多元化的贫困治理主体、确立开发式扶贫是我国减缓贫困的根本途径等等,并进一步分析了我国贫困治理的五大发展趋势.     

论贫困对犯罪的正效应--以城市贫困人口犯罪为视角的犯罪学分析

以城市贫困人口犯罪为视角考察贫困与犯罪的关系,可知贫困与犯罪虽然不是必然的链接,但是贫困与犯罪率之间有很强的正效应.经济贫困、心理失衡、社会保障缺失、社会贫富分化、亚文化等与贫困者相关的因素,对贫困者走向犯罪有着很强的激化作用.     

Financial services to the poor: the microfinance dilemma in Andhra Pradesh

In India, microfinance and associated strategies of forming self-help groups came about in response to a newly independent nation and its need to include the rural non-banking population into national structures of development and governance. This article examines how the rapid growth of microfinance institutions during the last two decades – especially in the context of the more recent transition from non-profit to for-profit non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) – has led to a significant increase in the delivery of financial services to the rural poor. In Andhra Pradesh, the simultaneous existence of some of India’s most prominent microfinance institutions (MFIs) and their mobilisation of self-help groups – with state backing and linkages to banks leading to relatively easy availability of funds – has led to a tremendous surge in the availability of credit across the state.     

Social capital,household income,and community development in Bhutan: a case study of a dairy cooperative

Using a case of a dairy cooperative in Bhutan, this study investigates how social capital enhances individual household income and community development in rural areas. It also examines the influence of cooperatives in social capital formation. The study finds that social capital facilitates households that are resource-constrained by working together to reduce costs through economies of scale, enhancing information accessibility, building confidence, and strengthening teamwork. It fosters not only an improvement in the livelihoods of cooperative members, but also provides a positive influence for non-members and the community as a whole. The study also reveals that cooperatives influence formation of three forms of bonding, bridging, and linking social capitals. While bonding social capital facilitates strong teamwork among the members, bridging and linking social capitals connect the cooperatives with the outside networks and provides them more opportunities and services for its sustainability.     

Trading culture for development: assessing perceptions among rural agropastoral peoples in Tanzania

Development in rural parts of Africa is strongly desired by local people. Other views expressed by local people towards outside development initiatives vary considerably. Some perceptions are negative, as development recipients view development as a destructive agent of change in the local culture. Despite the negative effects associated with development, this study documented a unanimous desire among a stratified random sample of 418 respondents for more development interventions. Two villages in south-central Tanzania were selected based upon their adjacent proximity to Ruaha National Park. Findings suggest that a capability framework is useful for exploring local perceptions to outside development assistance.     

Women’s empowerment in rural Honduras and its determinants: insights from coffee communities in Ocotepeque and Copan

This article quantifies the level of women’s empowerment in western Honduran coffee-producing households through the construction of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, and highlights the determinants of each empowerment indicator and their interactions. Women in the study region suffer from a lack of control over use of income and access to productive resources. Since control and ownership of assets are positively correlated with input in productive decisions and control over the use of income in this study region, it is suggested that “low-hanging fruit” to improve empowerment would be to invest in interventions that strengthen asset control and distribution.