Analysis of forensically used autosomal short tandem repeat markers in Polish and neighboring populations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity of Polish populations with respect to STRs chosen as core markers of the Polish Forensic National DNA Intelligence Database, and to provide reference allele frequencies and to explore the genetic interrelationship between Poland and neighboring countries. The allele frequency distribution of 10 STRs included in the SGMplus kit was analyzed among 2176 unrelated individuals from 6 regional Polish populations and among 4321 individuals from Germany (three samples), Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation (six samples). The statistical approach consisted of AMOVA, calculation of pairwise Rst values and analysis by multidimensional scaling. We found homogeneity of present day Poland and consistent differences between Polish and German populations which contrasted with relative similarities between Russian and German populations. These discrepancies between genetic and geographic distances were confirmed by analysis of an independent data set on Y chromosome STRs. Migrations of Goths, Viking influences, German settlements in the region of Volga river and/or forced population resettlements and other events related to World War II are the historic events which might have caused these finding.     

A database of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I and II sequences of individuals from Slovakia

In order to identify polymorphic positions and to determine their frequencies and the frequency of haplotypes in the human mitochondrial control region, two hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 374 unrelated individuals from Slovakia were amplified and sequenced. Sequence comparison led to the identification of 284 mitochondrial lineages as defined by 163 variable sites. Genetic diversity (GD) was estimated at 0.997 and the probability of two randomly selected individuals from population having identical mtDNA types (random match probability, RMP) for the both regions is 0.60%.     

把握迁移机理拓展出入境管理空间

人口的变动和社会生产方式的变革是造成人口迁移的根本原因.制约迁移有宏观、中观和微观三层次机制.目前,我国的人口国际迁移存在相对优势和不足.所以,要创建更佳的宏观经济、社会和人文环境;完善人才政策和法规,提高系统性、权威性,确立人才的法制环境;转变体制,创新机制,营造良好的施才环境.     

试析我国监狱行刑制度对犯罪再生成的影响及其完善

监狱作为官方对犯罪的正式反应之一,在改造犯罪的同时,客观上又存在着各种不利于罪犯改造的因素。如何尽量克服这些不利因素,最大限度发挥监狱的改造功能,是我国当前监狱改革所首要解决的问题。     

Applications and extensions of subpopulation theory: a caseworkers guide

This paper extends the calculation of conditional probabilities from those given by Balding and Nichols to casework situations where a series of possible DNA types are possible. Such situations may occur when a sample is identified containing a mixture of DNA from two or more people or where extra information can be determined about the subpopulation under consideration by analysis of additional samples. Using this approach, the error in the estimated likelihood ratios is expected to reduce as the number of additional individuals typed from the subpopulation increases.     

东晋南朝人口迁移及其影响述论

东晋南朝时期 ,人口迁移的规模之大、范围之广、历时之久 ,超过以前任何一个历史时期。大量人口迁入东晋南朝境内 ,产生了多方面的重要影响 :首先 ,从实质上讲 ,东晋南朝特别是其中的东晋、宋、齐、梁 ,是移民政权 ;其次 ,丰富了南方文化的内涵 ,提升了南方文化的层次 ;再次 ,促进了区域经济的开发     

刑罚执行的基础要件:狱政管理性质分析

刑罚执行是刑事司法活动的最后一道工序 ,狱政管理是这道工序的组成部分 ,而且是最基础的工作。明确狱政管理的性质 ,是研究监狱执行刑罚全部问题的一个基本出发点。狱政管理是一种刑事管理活动 ,同时又是一种特殊的行政管理活动 ,还是改造罪犯的手段之一。     

数字化背景下老年友好社区构建策略——基于杭州市K街道N社区的调查

近年来,我国数字城市、5G运用、未来社区建设的推进,改变了老年人的社区养老环境,老年友好社区作为我国社区研究中的一个重要组成部分,亟待对其在数字城市背景下的构建内容、实践与评估、发展趋势开展深入探究。本研究通过对杭州市K街道N社区数字化背景下的老年友好社区构建的满意度调查,分析了数字化背景下的老年友好社区构建与老年人日常生活的关系、与原居养老的关系、与代际互动的关系以及融入的意愿度,认为这是老年友好社区的构建内容从单一的物质环境向多维度转变、构建主体由政府单一型向老年人参与及多主体合作型转变,探索形成良好代际互动的全龄社区的内在机制。     

Genetic polymorphism of 30 autosomal InDel loci in Chinese Hainan Li population

A novel genetic marker, Insertion/Deletion polymorphism (InDel) shows remarkable potential for forensic DNA applications. Hainan Island is the southernmost and the second largest island in China, of which the Li ethnic group is regarded as the original inhabitants. In this study, 207 individual samples of Li ethnic group from Hainan were genotyped using Investigator DIPplex kit which contains 30 autosomal InDels and Amelogenin. Allele frequency and forensic parameters were calculated for these loci. Several deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) may indicate founder effect in the Li ethnic group. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) and the cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) reached 0.99999999992912 and 0.9861, respectively. These results suggested that the kit was effective for personal identification in Hainan Li population. The population comparisons through the Nei’s standard genetic distance (R_st), phylogenetic tree, multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA), and STRUCTURE analyses along continental divisions manifested that the 30 InDels panel had a certain intercontinental differentiation ability.     

The Malthusian intermezzo: Women's wages and human capital formation between the late Middle Ages and the demographic transition of the 19th century

The paper offers a new explanation for ‘the great conundrum’, the acceleration of population growth in England in the second half of the 18th century. It is argued that it was not only population growth that was ‘different’ in England, but the stagnation of the rise of literacy and of human capital in general, seems to be an anomaly of this period. This ‘conundrum’ has been explained in the following way. It is demonstrated that in England the gender wage gap increased a lot during the early modern period, which was caused by: (a) the switch from post Black Death labour scarcity to labour surplus, which in particular harmed the economic position of women, and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, leading to the rise of large-scale, capital intensive and labour extensive farms, which had a very limited demand for female (wage) labour. This is also suggested by the fact that on the Continent (in the Netherlands) a much smaller decline of female wages occurred, because there family farms continued to be quite important. Moreover, the decline of English wages had important effects on its demographic development. It helps to explain the decline of the average age of marriage of in particular women between 1600 and 1800, and the related increase in fertility that occurred in this period — resulting in a much faster rate of population growth after 1750 than elsewhere in Western-Europe. It also helps to explain the stagnation in human capital formation that occurred during the 18th and early 19th century — again a feature peculiar for the English development in these years. The explanation of ‘the great conundrum’ is therefore intimately linked to the changing position of women on the labour market and within marriage.