中国社会保障改革：困境与出路

中国社会保障改革目前面临四大任务,即如何拯救城镇养老金制度、如何推动机关事业单位社保改革、如何解决被征地农民和农民工社保和如何对待农村社保。当前社保改革的困境,主要表现为“统帐结合”养老金制度濒临破产,但机关事业单位社保改革、被征地农民和农民工等社保却要同其“并轨”。社保改革走入困境,主要由于在社保改革的环境和背景、社保制度安排和改革方案设计、借鉴国际经验和社保改革推进方式等方面出现了偏差。深化社保改革,要在社保和企业竞争力、居民期望和政府责任、政府和市场等三个方面把握好平衡点。     

当前加强人口治安管理的思路与对策

人口治安管理是治安管理工作中的重要部分。在当前形势下,必须改变传统的人口管理模式,深刻认识人口治安管理的新内涵,明确人口治安管理的基本思路,并从本地区的人口治安管理实际出发,制定人口治安管理的基本对策。     

Analysis of 16 Y-STRs in a sample of Colombian males

We studied and stablished a data base of 16 Y-STR (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS460, DYS461, GATA-A10, GATA-H4 and DYS635) in 133 unrelated Colombian males. The haplotype diversity was 0.9997 ± 0.0010. One hundred thirty one different haplotypes were found and only one was found three times. Good allelic representation in all the systems was observed, between 3 and 7 alleles, with the exception of the DYS385 with 35 allelic classes. DYS385 displayed the greater genic diversity (0.9012), whereas the system that displayed the smaller (0.4570) was the DYS393. This approach represents a very powerful tool for individual identification and paternity testing in forensic genetic.     

Population data for MiniNC01 in a population sample from North-eastern Italy and their use in neoplastic tissues fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin

To establish a database for the three MiniNC01 loci D10S1248, D14S1434, D22S1045 in a population sample from North-eastern Italy, 102 unrelated individuals were typed. DNA was amplified in a multiplex reaction with subsequent automatic detection using capillary electrophoresis. The obtained data give a contribution to the definition of Italian population miniSTRs allele frequencies for the three analysed loci. These three MiniSTRs were tested on 21 neoplastic tissues and the obtained genotypes were compared to those obtained from normal tissue. Only 3 cases (14.28%) gave a different genotype suggesting a better performance of these markers than traditional STRs.     

Y chromosome SNP analysis in a Portuguese population sample using a multiplex PCR and minisequencing strategy

The study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on the Y chromosome specific region Y-SNPs (92R7, M70, M22, Tat, P25, SRY10831, M173, M213 and M9) was used to characterize a population sample from Central Portugal, in order to investigate the frequency distribution of the male lineages and to compare the observed results with those obtained in other Portuguese regions.The genotyping strategy was according to the described by Brion et al. [M. Brion, et al., Int. J. Legal Med. 119 (2004) 10-15].In this population sample from Central Portugal a typical Western European haplogroup composition was found. The majority of samples (almost 70%) were assigned inside haplogroup R. As for other Iberian populations, the most frequent haplogroup was R1b-P25 (52.2%), followed by F(xK)-M213 (15.2%), E-B-SRY10831.1, R1(xR1a,b)-M173 and R1a-SRY10831.2 (each of them with a 8.7% frequency), K2-M70 (4.3%) and L-M22 (2.2%). When comparing our sample with other samples from Portugal, no significant differences were found.     

Genetic Polymorphisms of four X-STR Loci: DXS6797, DXS6800, HPRTB and GATA172D05 in a Peruvian population sample

The X linked short tandem repeats (STR) markers have proven to be very useful tools for paternity testing when the disputed child is female. The purpose of this study was to describe the genetic polymorphism of four X-chromosomal STR loci (DXS6797, DXS6800, HPRTB and GATA172D05) in a Peruvian population sample and evaluate their efficiency in forensic practice and paternity testing.     

Development of a novel miniSTR multiplex assay for typing degraded DNA samples

A multiplex PCR was developed for the analysis of the sex-determining gene Amelogenin, four conventional STR (short tandem repeat; THO1, D18S51, D21S11 and FGA) loci with a reduced amplicon size and four miniSTR loci (D1S1677, D2S441, D10S1248 and D22S1045). A concordance study in a population of 198 Belgians revealed no differences for the conventional STR loci while a sensitivity study showed a reproducible DNA profile with as low as 30 pg of input DNA.     

Analysis of 8 STR of the X-chromosome in two Italian regions (Umbria and Sardinia)

Eight X-chromosome STR were investigated in two groups of individuals from two Italian regions, Umbria and Sardinia. These two regions have a very different history. Umbria, situated in the centre of Italy and without defensive natural barriers, in the course of the centuries has been object of many invasions and appropriations by foreign people. On the contrary, Sardinia, an island in the centre of the Mediterranean sea, has endured a minor number of foreign invasions. The ChrX markers were amplified in a pentaplex (DXS6789, DXS7423, DXS6807, DXS101, DXS8377) and a triplex (DXS10074, DXS10075, DXS10079) that represents a haplotype. The DNA was extracted from 200 blood samples using the QIAmp DNA Minikit (Qiagen™). Amplification products were detected on an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems), using the same dye labels, run conditions, standard (GeneScan 500 Liz) and matrix file of AmpFlSTRIdentifiler. Statistical analyses for all the loci and intergroup comparisons between the two regional groups of individuals were performed.