市民社会视野中的社区警务战略

市民社会的兴起是社区建设的重要特征,给新警务模式———社区警务带来了巨大影响。市　　民社会的兴起是提出社区警务的重要背景,是社区警务运行的现实基础,有效促进了社区警务工作的变　　革。     

Rational Choice Rewards and the Jihadist Suicide Bomber

Suicide terrorism is the most violent and horrifying form of terrorism in the world today. This kind of terrorism causes many fatalities and can throw an entire nation into a state of panic. We usually attribute this kind of terrorism to altruistic motivation, assuming that bombers are willing to sacrifice themselves for a higher cause. The current study uses the criminological theory of Rational Choice to analyze the motivation of jihadist suicide terrorism. By reviewing the religious, personal, and social incentives, we demonstrate that even those who kill themselves in suicide attacks, which are seemingly examples of irrational or altruistic behavior, do so while considering future, self-gratifying benefits. Since this self-destructive behavior is mostly driven not by altruistic motivation but by the anticipation of costs and benefits, we find that there is no fundamental difference between the perpetrators’ motivations and those of other criminals; both groups are committed to maximizing self-gratifying, beneficial behavior.     

通过环境媒介保护的健康保护——空气和水污染防治

德国环境法的法律渊源主要包括德国联邦法律、各州法律、欧盟法和国际条约。德国环境法有预防、污染者付费、合作、可持续发展和一体化五个核心原则。在对空气和水污染的规制方法上,除了传统的许可和指令方法外,还经常使用规划、环境影响评估和战略环境评估、环境信息和经济方法。环境保护的国家目标被写进了德国《宪法》后,联邦宪法法院判例又赋予了公民针对个人实施环境污染行为启动宪法保护程序的权利。污染防治方面的核心法律是《联邦污染防治法》,其核心要素是在许可等方面的程序规定。德国将欧盟的《水资源框架指令》转化为《水资源法》在国内实施,该法的核心原则是任何水域利用行为都必须申请行政机关的许可或者同意。     

Analysing the teachers’ use of gestures in the classroom: A Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis approach

Classroom research in the past has mostly been based on the study of the language used by the teacher and students. With the availability of video recording technologies, it is now possible to collect multimodal classroom data, such as the teachers’ use of gestures, positioning, and classroom space to enact specific pedagogy. The challenge for the researchers is how to annotate and analyse such multimodal data. This paper proposes an approach for the annotation and analysis of the teachers’ use of gestures in the classroom for meaning-making. Situated within Systemic Functional Theory, the Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis approach to the formal and functional classification of teachers’ use of gestures in the classroom is introduced. The approach builds on present research and theoretical conceptions on gestures and extends the classifications with examples from a selection of instances from an authentic classroom corpus. The aim is to develop the theoretical apparatus for the annotation and analysis of the teachers’ use of gestures in the classroom.     

Forensic DNA retention: Public perspective studies in the United Kingdom and around the world

This review analysed public perspective studies on forensic DNA retention in the United Kingdom and around the world. The studies generally show strong public support for the long-term or indefinite retention of DNA from convicts and suspects. There is considerable support for the retention of DNA from all or some arrestees and potentially the entire population. This was predicated upon the belief that forensic DNA databases have crime-solving abilities, which the public rate highly. In the UK, it was found that the current Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 regime is broadly representative of the recommendations of the surveyed British public. Nevertheless, the studies highlighted a gap in forensic DNA education among the public, suggesting that public views may not be well informed. Overall, there was clear evidence of privacy concerns and the potential misuse of DNA records among the public, with a significant number opposing the retention of DNA from the innocent. It was found that most of the studies were qualitative or non-representative of the relevant population, limiting the generalisation of the results. There was also limited studies among a representative sample of primary stakeholders who are well-informed or directly exposed to the benefits, challenges and risks associated with DNA retention. A research into stakeholders rating of different forensic DNA retention regimes is therefore highly recommended. This is important because the studies suggest divergent views among criminal justice professionals and other members of the public, with the former expressing expansive views and the latter expressing restrictive views. The primary stakeholder's survey will help establish whether the relevant safeguards have been put in place to protect both public security and individual interests.     

Advance Agent of the Truman Doctrine: The United States,The New York Times,and the Greek Civil War

Democratic theorists observe high correlations between public opinion and government policy, but it is difficult to determine the direction of causation. This article concerns the relative abilities of government officials and media owners to influence political discourse. Both affected The New York Times' coverage of the Greek civil war before the declaration of the Truman Doctrine. When the Truman administration leaked its intention to intervene in Greece and offered a new interpretation of the civil war, the Times instantly adopted the new theme. The Times had the resources and opportunity to challenge government arguments, but its correspondent in Athens suppressed available information that contradicted official statements, and the publisher supported his reporter despite obvious partisanship. Top reporters maintained close ties with government officials, and they promoted American interventionism in the pages of the newspaper. And a seamless connection between editorials and news coverage reflects ownership's support for the Truman Doctrine. Government's influence may be strongest when officials and media owners share interests and values. And the temporal order raises implications for the relationship between opinion and policy: Policymakers may select new policies first and then move public opinion to win support for planned policy changes.     

公示语的汉英翻译原则及翻译策略——以南宁市公示语英译为例

公示语是公开面对公众的标识语、提示语、指示语、警示语的统称。它是一种常见于公共场所的实用性文体,其目的在于把各种必要的、有用的信息传达给公众,以实现其相应的应用示意功能。翻译公示语是为了用目的语有效地传递源语信息,使公示语译文实现与源语同样的功能和目的。因此,公示语翻译是否规范非常重要,它关系到译文能否准确地传递源语信息、是否会影响对外交流、甚至是否会影响一个城市甚至国家的形象。本文以南宁市公示语英译为例,探讨德国功能派翻译理论的目的论对公示语英译的理论指导意义及公示语翻译策略。     

The Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe: A New Approach to a Regional Problem

The European Data Protection Directive is often considered the Internet Privacy Global Standard, but this in only partially true. While the European Union sets a formal global standard, the 1995 Data Protection Directive has two loopholes that Internet companies exploit to set the effective global standard for internet privacy. The United States and Ireland have become safe harbours for Internet companies to collect and process Europeans’ personal data without being subject to the stringent laws and regulations of some continental European countries. Companies, and not the European Union or governments, are the ones that set the effective global standard of internet privacy.     

马克思主义国家理论的文本解读

从马克思、恩格斯的著作文本入手,分析归纳其文本中关于国家理论的具体论述,是掌握和理解马克思主义国家理论的根本前提和基础。抛开文本或者在文本基础上对马克思主义国家理论的演绎都是精致的唯心主义的体现。本文以马克思、恩格斯的著作文本为基础,全面集中解读了马克思恩格斯关于国家理论的具体论述,主要包括国家起源、国家的本质、国家的职能、国家的消亡四个方面,进一步厘清了马克思恩格斯国家理论的本原,以期消除人们对马克思主义国家理论的神秘感或复杂感,使人们更加简单的理解和掌握马克思主义国家理论基本要义。     

基于需要理论的新生代农民工思想政治工作探析

新生代农民工已经成为我国产业工人的主力军,他们的享受需要逐渐增多,情感需要日益迫切,发展需要逐渐突出。基于马克思和马斯洛的需要理论,结合新生代农民工的需要现状,应该将解决新生代农民工的物质需要与思想政治教育结合起来,将人文关怀与思想政治工作结合起来,刺激发展需要,创造条件满足发展需求,以增强新生代农民工思想政治工作的实效。