刑事证据制度:从逻辑规则向程序规则的演进——以非法证据排除制度为切入点的分析

本文以非法证据排除制度为样本,对2012年刑事诉讼法修改后证据制度的发展和变革作了梳理,讨论了为规范司法机关诉讼活动,保障公民基本权利,在充分考虑中外法律传统、诉讼模式等方面差异,充分考虑国情并借鉴外国先进经验的基础上确立非法证据排除制度时的考量因素.非法证据排除制度的建立,体现了我国刑事证据制度从以逻辑推演规则为基础...     

突发事件应对中的最大保护原则——以公开劫持人质事件处置为例

突发事件应对措施的设定和实施,特别是在以公开劫持人质事件处置为例的社会安全事件处置中,面临着谨守最小侵害原则或强调最大保护原则的选择难题。《突发事件应对法》第11条第1款所规定的最大保护原则是在谨守最小侵害原则无法回应实践需求的情况下,对措施妥当性提出的更高标准。突发事件应对措施本身的实质合法性调低对侵害性的要求,遵循侵害与危害相适应的原则。但是,最小侵害原则仍然在特定的情境下适用。突发事件应对中对最大保护原则的适用需要受到动态评估和检视,同时需要与最小侵害原则、侵害相当原则结合评价措施本身的实质合法性,此外还应受到均衡原则的平衡和制约。这一原则,规范突发事件应对措施的具体实施,在制定应急处置预案或者设定具体措施及其裁量基准时也应得到遵循。     

保护公民、法人和其他组织的权益应成为行政诉讼的根本目的

修改《行政诉讼法》首先要确定行政诉讼的目的,即如何在解决行政争议、保护公民权益与监督行政机关三者之间作出抉择。虽然三者均可以作为行政诉讼的目的,但无疑保护公民权益应作为行政诉讼的主要目的和根本目的。因为《行政诉讼法》不仅应宣示保护公民权益的重要性,更关键性的是在行政诉讼具体制度的安排上体现和落实这一主要目的,解决目的多元带来的制度困惑和实践难题。     

EU General Data Protection Regulation: Changes and implications for personal data collecting companies

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will come into force in the European Union (EU) in May 2018 to meet current challenges related to personal data protection and to harmonise data protection across the EU. Although the GDPR is anticipated to benefit companies by offering consistency in data protection activities and liabilities across the EU countries and by enabling more integrated EU-wide data protection policies, it poses new challenges to companies. They are not necessarily prepared for the changes and may lack awareness of the upcoming requirements and the GDPR's coercive measures. The implementation of the GDPR requirements demands substantial financial and human resources, as well as training of employees; hence, companies need guidance to support them in this transition. The purposes of this study were to compare the current Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC with the GDPR by systematically analysing their differences and to identify the GDPR's practical implications, specifically for companies that provide services based on personal data. This study aimed to identify and discuss the changes introduced by the GDPR that would have the most practical relevance to these companies and possibly affect their data management and usage practices. Therefore, a review and a thematic analysis and synthesis of the article-level changes were carried out. Through the analysis, the key practical implications of the changes were identified and classified. As a synthesis of the results, a framework was developed, presenting 12 aspects of these implications and the corresponding guidance on how to prepare for the new requirements. These aspects cover business strategies and practices, as well as organisational and technical measures.     

European national news

This article tracks developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications and provides a concise alerting service of important national developments. It is co-ordinated by Herbert Smith Freehills LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to complement the Journal's feature articles and briefing notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening ``on the ground'' at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.     

Looking for needles in a haystack: Key issues affecting children's rights in the General Data Protection Regulation

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) devotes particular attention to the protection of personal data of children. The rationale is that children are less aware of the risks and the potential consequences of the processing of their personal data on their rights. Yet, the text of the GDPR offers little clarity as to the actual implementation and impact of a number of provisions that may significantly affect children and their rights, leading to legal uncertainty for data controllers, parents and children. This uncertainty relates for instance to the age of consent for processing children's data in relation to information society services, the technical requirements regarding parental consent in that regard, the interpretation of the extent to which profiling of children is allowed and the level of transparency that is required vis-à-vis children. This article aims to identify a number of key issues and questions – both theoretical and practical – that raise concerns from a multi-dimensional children's rights perspective, and to clarify remaining ambiguities in the run-up to the actual application of the GDPR from 25 May 2018 onwards.     

Supply chain arrangements: The ABC to GDPR compliance—A spotlight on emerging market practice in supplier contracts in light of the GDPR

With ever increasingly complex and disaggregated sourcing supply chains and in the wake of the GDPR application deadline, this article shines a spotlight on early emerging market practice in supplier contracts.     

知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展

知识产权国际保护制度是当代国际经济、文化、科技贸易领域中的一种法律秩序。国际保护标准在缔约方之间的一体化、国际保护规则从实体到程序的一体化、国际保护体系与国际贸易体制的一体化,反映了当代知识产权制度的基本特征。《知识产权协定》作为知识产权国际保护的主要法律制度,在其推行过程中显见不足,其主要表现是知识产权与其他基本人权(包括精神权利、表现自由、隐私权、健康权、发展权等)的冲突;此外,在知识产权国际论坛上,诸如传统知识、遗传资源、地理标志保护问题的争议,导致了国际知识产权领域中新的利益格局的形成,从而引发了知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展。     

债权物权区分说的构成要素

债权物权区分说是德国民法学最重要的体系特征之一。这一区分理论包含了支配权与请求权的区分、绝对权与相对权的区分、物权行为与债权行为的区分、客体的区分等四方面的内容;由此可以得出科学的债权和物权概念。但债权与物权的区分并不能周延现实中的一切权利类型。为此有必要将这两者的区分还原为其构成要素,并从这些要素出发,以类型学方法重新构建权利类型体系。