论政府执法方式及其变革

政府执法方式是政府执法权力的表现形态 ,体现了参与执法过程的各类主体的相互关系。政府执法方式变革就是修正政府执法过程中参与者的相互关系 ,涉及执法观念、执法体制、执法制度以及与司法的关系等诸多问题。政府执法方式变革应当坚持行政民主化、加强公开性和参与性、法制统一和人权保障的基本方向 ,特别强调行政程序和公民权利的重要性、行政相关人概念的重要意义、行政与司法的关系 ,以及政府执法的人性化。     

贵州民族文化多样性及其再生性保护与开发

贵州民族文化呈现多样性,但传承面临危机,数字化技术对民族文化进行再生性保护与开发,是传承和创新民族文化的最好手段。     

联合国与国际公务员法律制度的发展

联合国60年来的历程对现代国际法产生了深远的影响,尤其将尚处于起步阶段的国际公务员法律制度向前推进了一大步,从而形成了一项相对独立并且完善的国际公务员法。随着国际社会的日益组织化,可以预见国际公务员在维持国际和平与安全及推动国际合作方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用。     

An Assessment of the Impact that Participation in Local Climate Networks Has on Cities’ Implementation of Climate,Energy, and Transportation Policies

Much of the attention surrounding local climate protection in the United States is associated with two networks: ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability's Cities for Climate Protection and the U.S. Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement (MCPA). However, the impact of these networks on member‐city actions has not been clearly established. This paper examines whether, and to what extent, participation in climate networks leads to the implementation of greenhouse gas (GHG)‐reducing policies, above and beyond what would have been done in their absence. To account for the possibility that cities which join climate networks are systematically different from those that do not and control for self‐selection induced bias, three statistical techniques—propensity score matching, Heckman full information maximum likelihood, and instrumental variables—are employed to estimate the “treatment effect” of participation. Results suggest that impact is network specific: ICLEI membership causes small to moderate increases in cities’ GHG‐relevant activity, whereas the MCPA has no such effect. The characteristics of each network are evaluated in light of these findings.     

黑龙江扎龙自然保护区湿地保护的问题及法律对策

由于人口的迅速增加,经济活动的不断深入,再加上扎龙保护区湿地保护的法律意识不强,执法不力,保护滞后等原因,使目前该地区湿地资源破坏比较严重,生物类型、数量急剧减少,水体污染,过度盲目开发等等问题十分严峻。立足于该地区湿地的实际以及目前存在的主要问题,充分借鉴其他相关区域的经验和模式,打破传统的仅靠立法就能解决湿地问题的观点,科学分析,通过立法、执法、司法相互结合,构造起一个相对科学、系统的湿地保护法治体系,从而能真正地应用到实践中去解决问题,服务地方经济;同时,通过对扎龙地区湿地保护法律问题研究,能够为湿地保护的全国立法提供了良好的经验,推进我国湿地保护的法治进程。     

全面禁食野生动物的法理基础与制度构建

面对新冠疫情全球蔓延,第十三届全国人大常委会第十六次会议表决通过了全面禁食野生动物的决定.全面禁食野生动物的决定主要建立在公共安全与生命伦理两大法理基础之上:前者侧重于社会整体利益的维护与风险规制,是一个功利性标准;而后者则侧重于对生命的尊重和人与自然和谐关系的维护,主要为伦理性标准.现实中,对"野生动物"概念范畴的理...     

Trust in the information society

Trust is an important feature for all users of the Internet who rely on the safety and security of network technologies and systems for their daily lives. Trust, or the lack of it, has also been identified by the European Commission’s Digital Agenda as a major barrier to further development of the information society in Europe. One of the areas in which concerns have been raised is in relation to children’s safety online. As a result, substantial efforts have been made by policymakers and by the industry to build greater trust and confidence in online digital safety. This paper examines what trust means in the context of children’s use of the Internet. Should policy on trust enhancement, for instance, include children’s own trust in the technologies or services they use or is it sufficient to seek to reinforce parental and adult confidence that children can be adequately protected? What is required to build that trust from either perspective? Does it need, or should it include a relationship of trust between parents and children? To tease out these questions further, the paper examines current European Union policy frameworks on digital safety, particularly industry responses to the call for a more trusted Internet environment for children, and argues that technical solutions to be effective need to carefully balance a number of competing objectives and to be sufficiently grounded in evidence of parental and child experience of the Internet.     

Allocating responsibility among controllers,processors, and “everything in between”: the definition of actors and roles in Directive 95/46/EC

In Opinion 1/2010, the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party has provided additional guidance concerning the concepts of ‘controller’ and ‘processor’ contained in Directive 95/46/EC. This guidance aims to assist practitioners in their determination of whether an entity is acting as a controller or as a processor towards a particular data processing operation. Despite the fact that this opinion is informative, the existing framework still appears to leave room for a considerable amount of legal uncertainty. This uncertainty is attributable in part to the nature of the existing concepts, but also (and perhaps to a larger extent) to their apparent misalignment with current processing realities. In this paper, the author seeks to articulate why the existing concepts often remain difficult to apply in practice, in order to enable a constructive reflection on how these issues might be addressed in the future.     

After Waterhouse: vicarious liability and the tort of institutional abuse

As evidence of the extent of the abuse of children in residential care increases, our understanding of this terrible wrong has altered. These assaults are an institutional syndrome, at the same time that they are individual crimes; certain systems of institutional care are conducive to/foster abuse behaviour (acting as 'crucibles' rather than 'honeypots'for rogue paedophiles). A theory of vicarious (institutional) liability is appropriate if we understand a syndrome of institutional abuse in this way, as involving institutional responsibility in addition to individual fault. The recent decision of the Canadian Supreme Court in Bazley v Curry found a children's home vicariously liable for sexual assaults of an employee on the basis of responsibility through the creation of risk, an analysis of and apportionment of liability which is appropriate to the special syndrome of institutional abuse, while encouraging deterrence and providing fair and practical compensation to victims. This analysis/liability is supported by an economic analysis of institutional child abuse and decision making in child protection.     

损益相抵在保护性约束损害赔偿中应用之我见

损益相抵规则虽在我国立法尚无明文规定,但在司法实践中已经普遍适用,损益相抵规则在适用过程中的难点是其适用范围和标准判断。保护性约束致损赔偿作为医疗损害赔偿的一种,法律性质上是违约责任和侵权责任的竟合,且保护性约束有效制止了患者在冲动时意外事件的发生,避免了患者及家属对因意外事件发生应承担的相关责任,获得了间接的额外利益,属于损益相抵规则的适用范围。