茯苓皮总三萜大孔树脂纯化工艺及体外抗炎活性研究

目的 为提高茯苓皮的综合利用价值,建立一种简便的茯苓皮总三萜纯化方法,并通过体外实验验证其抗炎作用。方法 采用HPD-100型大孔树脂吸附法纯化茯苓皮总三萜。基于单因素实验,以总三萜含量为指标,经正交试验优化茯苓皮总三萜纯化工艺。建立脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7细胞炎症模型,考察茯苓皮总三萜对细胞活力的影响,检测给药后RAW 264.7细胞内一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）释放量和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）水平。结果 纯化后样品总三萜含量增加至70.36%,明显高于粗提总三萜含量（29.76%）,纯化工艺为上柱HPD-100型树脂20 g,上样浓度15 mg/mL,35%乙醇洗脱杂质容积为5倍床体积(bed volume,BV),95%乙醇洗脱三萜容积为4 BV,经实验验证该纯化工艺重复性良好。体外实验结果表明：茯苓皮总三萜在50~250 μg/mL范围内对细胞活力无明显影响;与模型组比较,给药后RAW 264.7细胞内NO释放量和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论 HPD-100型大孔树脂吸附法纯化工艺能明显提高样品总三萜含量,茯苓皮总三萜具有减轻炎症的作用。     

A Policy for the Retention and Extended Examination of Organs at Autopsy*

Abstract: Recent organ retention scandals and law suits have created a focus on the practice of saving postmortem tissues for extended examination or research purposes. The New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI) established a policy to notify families about organ retention and the subsequent disposition of the tissue. The OMI examined the success of this policy in regards to the retention of brains for extended examination by analyzing data abstracted from verbal consent forms from 2003 to 2006. During this time, 715 cases were identified as needing an extended examination of the brain. The percentages of brains saved in any given year, as a percent of the total number of autopsies performed that year, were: 2003 6.5%, 2004 10.4%, and 2005 11.8%. The disposition was cremation in 79% of cases, release with the body after a determined period of time in 14%, and cut fresh in 4%. In conclusion, the instigation of a policy on the verbal notification of the next of kin when organs are retained can be successfully implemented.     

再谈保险公司治理结构——以法律为视角

保险公司经营的特殊性决定了其治理结构的特殊性.但我国现行立法对保险公司治理结构的规制在实践中并不能完全适应保险公司治理的特殊要求,表现在股东的权利义务、股东大会制度、信息披露、董事会、监事会制度等诸多方面都存在问题.完善我国保险公司的治理结构,应借鉴吸收有关国际组织的成熟规范.结合保险公司治理的特殊性,健全保险公司治理结构的国内法制.     

从危机公关视角论警察对社会公共事件的处理

近年来,社会公共事件频发,警察面临严重的信任与舆论危机。为应对危机,维护警察形象,化解和减少危机造成的损害,公安机关应具备强大的预警能力、建立快速反应和部门联动机制,建立合理的舆论引导机制、阶段评估以及善后管理机制,并能够快速安抚社会情绪。     

略论入世后司法行政工作之程序化建设

作为世界贸易组织向各成员方提供的法律框架和法律手段,WTO协议所规定的各项权利义务主要适用于成员方政府为保证公平竞争而对国内市场的行政管理活动。认真学习贯彻WTO协议的精神和宗旨,树立司法行政工作的程序化理念,通过深刻理解WTO协议的基本法律原则,在司法行政管理工作中自觉地运用WTO协议的程序性规则,并据此设立我国司法行政机关的行政程序和具体制度,已成为司法行政机关完善管理活动的关键所在。     

论检察机关对侦查活动的监督

侦查监督是宪法和法律赋予人民检察院的一项重要职能、是涉及侦检关系的一项重要制度。但是,检察机关在侦查监督中的主体地位并未得到充分的发挥,侦查监督工作的效果并不尽如人意。在实施依法治国方略的形势下,研究如何完善侦查监督机制无疑有着重大的理论意义和现实意义。文章从我国侦查监督的内容入手,剖析了侦查监督的现状,并提出完善检察院在侦查监督中的主体地位的设想,以期将侦查监督问题引向深入。     

论我国检察机关为被告人利益抗诉的困境及出路

近年来,检察机关为被告人利益抗诉的重要功能逐渐为人们重视。我国法律目前对此种抗诉的规定不够完善,检法部门执行标准不一,导致抗诉效果不佳,因此对该程序进行制度设计迫在眉睫。本文通过在检察机关为被告人利益抗诉时赋予被害人上诉权、使其通过程序参与得以维护自己的权利,达到兼顾被告人与被害人利益平衡,从而为此种抗诉的顺利进行找到一种解决途径。     

The use of error rates to predict and characterize the efficacy of presumptive field tests

From a forensic perspective, a presumptive test, one which indicates the presence or absence of a certain target material such as blood, is an invaluable tool. Among these tests, there are different specificities, sensitivities, and shelf lives. The accuracy of a test is an algebraic combination of the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Each test has limitations as given by its false positive and false negative rates. The aim of this study was to illustrate how the false positive and false negative rates are to be properly determined using a simulation study for the phenolphthalein test. New presumptive tests must be properly evaluated/validated through testing of commonly encountered household items and other potentially probative items usually found at crime scenes, however, the makeup of test sets must appropriately capture all error rates. In order to correctly use these results when the test is applied to an unknown sample recovered at a crime scene, the error rates cannot be applied directly to estimate whether or not the sample is actually the analyte of interest. In a validation study, the forensic scientist calculates the false positive rate as the p(Positive Reaction|Blood), whereas at the scene, the crime scene investigator wishes to determine the p(Blood|Positive Reaction). All crime scene investigators need to ensure that the conditional is not transposed when interpreting such results. Furthermore, this work provides a model for the assessment of a multiple test diagnostic system intended for investigators.     

论我国宪法监督制度的健全和完善

我国现行宪法监督制度存在明显的缺陷,尤其是没有专门的宪法监督机构,违宪审查较为薄弱。当今世界有议会或权力机关监督、普通法院监督和专门机构监督三种宪法监督模式。中国应立足国情,总结和借鉴外国先进的立法模式和经验,设立专门的宪法监督机构,即独立的宪法专门委员会,有效地审查和纠正违宪行为,以完善我国的宪法运行机制,充分发挥作为根本法宪法的作用。     

20个STR基因座的种属特异性研究

确定本室常用的20个STR基因座对常见10种动物的种属特异性。20个STR基因座对10种常见动物血或软组织的DNA进行PCR扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、银染色法进行DNA分型,测定各STR基因座的种属特异性。D11S554、SE33基因座对10种动物DNA,D12S391、CSF基因座对狒狒DNA,D19S253基因座对兔、狒狒的DNA,FGA基因座对兔、猴、狒狒的DNA均有PCR扩增产物,其片段长度与人的在同一电泳区内;DYS19基因座对10种动物的DNA,FES基因座对鸡DNA,PLA基因座对猪DNA,D21S11基因座对蛇、牛、狒狒的DNA有扩增产物,但其片段长度明显与人的不同。DYS389、DYS288、DYS390、D7S809、D13S631,TH01、vWA、AR、CD4、FABP基因座对鸡、猪等动物的DNA均无PCR扩增产物。在20个STR基因座中,10个基因座只对人DNA有扩增产物,有较好的种属特异性;8个基因座对人和部分动物均有扩增产物,但产物的片段大小与人的不同,在进行个人识别时,可以用其分析DNA的种属来源;2个基因座对人和动物均有扩增产物,且片段长度相近,在进行个人识别时,应先作DNA种属来源检查。