行政处罚种类扩张论批判

在此次《行政处罚法》修订过程中,处罚种类扩张论得到广泛支持。学者们将实践中出现的一些新型行为措施定性为行政处罚,并且基于提升公共治理能力、规范行政公权力的良好愿景,主张扩张处罚种类。修订通过后的《行政处罚法》有限度地扩张了处罚种类。然而,从行政处罚内涵和立法政策两个方面进行考察可以发现,处罚种类扩张论并不合理。一方面,通过考察刑罚处罚的特征和狭义行政管理权与行政处罚权之区别可以发现,科处额外负担和非难是处罚的本质要素,典型非处罚行为应当排除在行政处罚之外。另一方面,提升公共治理能力与扩张行政处罚种类并无直接关系,为了规范公权力而扩张处罚种类之考量也将随着行政法制的不断完善而逐渐式微,贸然扩张处罚种类可能造成法律适用上的障碍,因而中间类型行为不宜纳入处罚种类。确立“少而精”的处罚种类,才有利于实现对行政处罚的专业性精准规制。     

论反垄断法的谦抑性适用——基于总体执法观和具体方法论的分析

反垄断法的谦抑性适用是指在总体执法态度和方法路径上的必要、适度、克制和非冒进的适用姿态。反垄断法执行的理想状态是不枉不纵、恰如其分和精准定位,但这种目标只可尽量接近而又难以企及,因而只能在总体执法效果上退而求其次。由于市场认知的困难性以及市场强大的自愈能力,在次优效果的追求中总体上可以采取必要的"宁纵不枉"的谦抑执法观,以尽量减少错误成本。反垄断法是经济与法律的结合体,经常以经济学分析为体,以法律方法为用,其谦抑性需要进行方法论上的贯彻。反垄断法兼具刚性和柔性,以法律解释为核心的法律方法是调和刚柔的路径与载体,通过谦抑的解释实现刚柔相济。经济学分析是反垄断法执行的重要支撑,但仍有其局限性。执法毕竟涉及"生杀予夺",运用经济学分析应当谨慎和适度,在反垄断法施行初期尤其要防止经济学分析"拜物教"。     

中国之治:“五位一体”总体布局下的区域政策互动研究

研究考察中央政府如何治理地方政府逐底竞争。本文提出,"五位一体"总体布局本质是中央政府根据人民利益设置的多任务晋升锦标赛,地方政府因地制宜选择政策、指标开展竞争,政策与指标关系多元避免全局性逐底竞争。实证部分分别采用对称互动模型和非对称互动模型考察我国企业职工基本养老保险政策省际互动。结果显示,我国企业职工基本养老保险政策省际互动显著,但未出现竞相降低企业缴费率的情况,党的十八大后省际互动减弱。该结果表明,"五位一体"总体布局治理地方政府逐底竞争有效,提供了协调央地关系的中国方案。     

Rethinking responses to 'domestic violence' in Australian indigenous communities

The United Nations' response to violence against women was to adopt the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women in December, 1993 that recognized indigenous women to be especially vulnerable to violence. Australia's initiatives during the 1990s included criminal justice reform, crisis service provision and community-based mediation programmes that have not proved altogether helpful for indigenous women. Given the intractable nature of violence against indigenous women, this paper holds that community-based programmes cannot work in isolation from criminal justice intervention. An approach to male-to-female violence, that views the criminal justice system not only as a means of punishment, but also as an institution for expressing human rights norms is advocated.     

治安管理处罚证明标准的构建

我国的《治安管理处罚法》未规定治安处罚的证明标准,加之行政诉讼的司法审查标准也不明确,致使公安机关在治安执法中难以正确收集证据对违法事实做出认定,乃至在行政诉讼中屡屡败诉.本文认为,我国的治安处罚应采用"优势证据"标准和"排除合理怀疑"证明标准的分层次标准.     

The Consequences of Victim Physical Attractiveness on Reactions to Injustice: The Role of Observers’ Belief in a Just World

Two studies explored Dion and Dion’s (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 775–780, 1987) suggestion that the belief in a just world may contribute to the “beauty is good” stereotype. In Study 1, we found that participants rated the death of a woman as more tragic and unfair when she was physically attractive than less attractive. Participants were also more punitive towards agents of harm when the victim was physically attractive. In Study 2, we varied the extent to which a woman suffered from a house fire and asked participants to later recognize the woman’s picture among several choices varying in physical attractiveness. Participants who learned that the woman suffered a great deal remembered her to be less physically attractive than when her suffering was minimal. The results are discussed in terms of how the justice motive contributes to the evaluative and moral importance attached to physical attractiveness.

The communicative aspects of civil disobedience and lawful punishment

A parallel may be drawn between the communicative aspect of civil disobedience and the communicative aspect of lawful punishment by the state. In punishing an offender, the state seeks to communicate both its condemnation of the crime committed and its desire for repentance and reformation on the part of the offender. Similarly, in civilly disobeying the law, a disobedient seeks to convey both her condemnation of a certain law or policy and her desire for recognition that a lasting change in policy is required. When disobedients and authorities target each other, their confrontation allows for a direct comparison of the respective justifiability of their conduct. Their confrontation is explored in this paper with an eye to analysing how civil disobedients and authorities should engage with each other.

The Prison Boom and the Decline of American Citizenship

The US imprisonment rate increased fivefold in the three decades from 1975 to 2005. Growth in the scale of criminal punishment was linked partly to a more punitive politics that repudiated the goal of rehabilitation, and partly to the collapse of economic opportunity for young unskilled men in inner cities. The growth of the penal system produced extraordinary rates of incarceration among recent cohorts of young black men with little schooling. We can understand the growth of incarceration to produce and erosion of citizenship among young black men, weakening the web of mutual obligation that defines full membership in American society.

应对新冠肺炎疫情的几个法律问题

新冠肺炎以特定的含义和名称进入国家和联合国法律文件.中国抗击新冠肺炎的成功经验与研究成果可供世界借鉴.筛选中医药有效经方治疗新冠肺炎是克敌制胜之举,需要依法保护中国国药和传统医学知识宝库.要通过立法禁止非法猎捕、交易、运输和食用野生动物,严惩此类犯罪行为.新冠肺炎疫情防控需要全国合力制胜,政府要及时准确地向社会发布和披露疫情防控信息,执法机关要依据谣言制造者和传播者情节轻重予以惩处,司法机关要依据刑事犯罪人情节轻重定罪量刑.     

相对集中行政处罚权制度若干问题评析——兼论我国行政处罚体制的困境与出路

相对集中行政处罚权制度的实际效果值得反思 :没有消除导致行政处罚“软”与“乱”的“一元制、分散型”的处罚体制 ;没有取得真正精简执法人员、执法管理与处罚分离以及建立公正文明的执法形象的成效 ;其设立不符合程序法治的理念、不符合权力分工制约的原则、不利于建立科学的处罚体制。改革行政处罚体制的出路在于 :引入行政处罚的准司法程序 ,加强听证的适用 ;推进行政处罚的司法化 ,赋予法院一定的处罚权