惩罚性赔偿适用中的实体正义与程序正义

不同于一般损害赔偿旨在实现救济正义,惩罚性赔偿更侧重实现惩罚正义。在实现实体正义方面,惩罚性赔偿的适用需要法官基于权利保障的理念对私人自治理念的运用加以限制,法官在进行司法裁量时,应贯彻惩罚均衡原则,重点运用比例原则的分析方法确定惩罚性赔偿的数额。在实现程序正义方面,基于保障当事人诉讼权利的目的,法官在审理惩罚性赔偿案件时,应当变通适用民事诉讼制度中的处分原则,采用排除合理怀疑的证明标准。同时,在合议庭组成上,应适当限制依据常识作出判断的人民陪审员的数量。     

《罪与罚》中的犯罪学思想

《罪与罚》是俄国作家费奥多尔·米哈伊洛维奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品。作品中，作家讲述了大学生拉斯科尔尼科夫面对生存和精神的双重困境。选择了铤而走险去杀人及其杀人之后和面对刑罚的心理过程的故事。从一个层面看，《罪与罚》是一部不朽的文学名著。从犯罪学的角度看，《罪与罚》中的犯罪学思想至今对我们仍有启示意义。犯罪学家加罗法洛曾将犯罪的概念划分为自然犯罪和法定犯罪两种，但是实际上这两种犯罪的界限并非泾渭分明。至于犯罪原因，拉斯科尔尼科夫的犯罪原因可以从犯罪的社会因素和心理因素来考察。犯罪预防的困难之一是如何预防再犯或累犯。     

宽严相济的刑事政策及其在侦查办案中的实现

宽严相济的刑事政策是与"惩办与宽大相结合"的刑事政策一脉相承而又有所突破。做出这样一种选择有其内在的历史基础、理论基础和社会基础。可见,"宽严相济"刑事政策是我们在建设和谐社会的主题下,对"惩办和宽大相结合"的刑事政策的坚持和发展。     

略论法定刑的制约性

法定刑本身属性决定了刑事立法应该接受其内在精神的制约，做到同害同罚，异害异罚，不同犯罪法定刑应该达到平衡，法定刑的设置应该为司法适度解释提供保障，另外不能超越法定刑本身作出司法解释，其具体包括以下内容：最高司法机关作出的司法解释应该受到法定刑的制约；司法机关在运用刑事法律的时候，对于法律条文的理解也必须接受法定刑的制约。司法适用中对想象竞合犯罪、转化犯罪的认定也应该接受法定刑的制约。     

对刑罚减轻处罚若干问题的思考

现行《刑法》第63条确立了我国减轻处罚的量刑制度,但对如何减轻、减轻的幅度等问题未作出细化规定,由此带来适用中的诸多困难与问题。1.减轻处罚能否变更刑种;2.减轻处罚能否及于附加刑;3.附加刑附加适用时减轻处罚的操作问题;4.减轻处罚能否由刑事罚减为行政罚。     

Does Gender Modify the Effects of Race–ethnicity on Criminal Sanctioning? Sentences for Male and Female White, Black, and Hispanic Defendants

Using data from large urban courts for the years 1990–1996 and drawing from the “focal concerns” framework on case-process decision making, we examine the main and interactive effects of gender and race–ethnicity on sentence outcomes. The main focus of the present study is whether the effects of race–ethnicity (and gender) on sentence outcomes are similar or different across gender (and racial–ethnic) groups. Consistent with the findings of prior research, we find that female defendants receive more lenient sentences than male defendants and that black and Hispanic defendants receive less favorable treatment than white defendants. However, these main effects are strongly dependent on whether the sample is partitioned by gender or race–ethnicity. We find that race–ethnicity influences male but not female sentences. Conversely, gender strongly influences sentencing across all racial–ethnic groups. These findings are at odds with the traditional view that leniency in court sanctioning typically by-passes “women of color.” Instead, it appears that black and Hispanic female defendants actually benefit more from their “female” status than would be expected all else equal.

Group Differences in Fairness Perceptions and Decision Making in Voting Rights Cases

Participants recruited from one Historically Black University (HBU) and two predominantly White higher-education institutions evaluated and decided simulated voting rights case summaries in which the plaintiff was either a racially-defined (African American) or a nonracially-defined (farmers) minority group. Contrary to social identity and social justice findings of an in-group bias, the present study showed greater support at all institutions for the voting rights of the African Americans than for the rural farmers, and the greatest support for both minority groups was found at the HBU. Perceived evidence strength was a better predictor of decisions than perceived unfairness, and both of these predictor variables completely mediated the effects of institution-type and involvement of a racially-defined group on decisions.     

论完善庭审中公诉案件被害人的权利保护

我国现行立法对公诉案件被害人在庭审中权利保护的缺陷,使公诉案件被害人参与法庭审判的积极性不高,制约了公诉案件被害人参与庭审的作用。所以应在立法中赋予公诉案件被害人在庭审中的量刑建议权;采取相应措施使公诉案件被害人在庭审中免受第二次伤害;承认其与公诉人辩论的权利以及完善公诉案件被害人法定代理人及其委托的诉讼代理人的权利等。     

论我国罚金刑执行制度的完善

罚金刑作为一种刑罚,同样具有威慑、教育、惩罚等功能,罚金刑的适用应当尽可能发挥罚金刑的这些功能。为此:应当建立罚金刑易科制度、罚金刑缓刑制度和罚金刑行刑时效制度。     

滥用职权罪的立法比较与借鉴

通过与其他国家滥用职权罪的立法方式、分类、构成要件及刑罚设置进行比较,可以看出我国在滥用职权罪立法方面存在的缺陷。应借鉴国外经验尽快予以完善。