An optional European contract law code: Advantages and disadvantages

Should the EU introduce an Optional European Contract Law Code and what should it look like? By applying economic theories of federalism and regulatory competition (legal federalism), it is shown why an Optional Code would be a very suitable legal instrument within a two-level European System of Contract Laws. By allowing private parties’ choice of law to a certain extent, it can combine the most important advantages of centralisation and decentralisation of competences for legal rules. Through differentiated analyses of three kinds of contract law rules (mandatory substantive rules, mandatory information rules and facilitative law), important conclusions can be reached: which kinds of contract law rules are most suitable to be applied on an optional basis (e.g. facilitative law) and which might be less so (e.g. a core of information regulations). Furthermore a number of additional general conclusions about the design and scope of an Optional EU Code and some conclusions in regard to sales law are derived.     

新高职英语教学刍议

我国高等职业技术教育是高等教育发展的一项重大举措 ,是一种新的教育类型。新高职的教学更注重基础知识与基础理论教育 ,突出职业能力和技能训练的培养。本文针对高职学生的特点 ,在英语教学中以听说、词汇、阅读理解能力等为主要内容 ,坚持以学生为中心的原则 ,提出一些行之有效的教学方法 ,从而提高学生对语言知识与技能运用的能力。     

Donkeys in development: welfare assessments and knowledge mobilisation

Donkeys provide important means of agricultural power, transport, and income generation for people in the developing world. Yet donkeys work in harsh environments and challenging socio-economic contexts whereby their health and well-being is often compromised. This article provides development researchers and practitioners with a donkey welfare assessment protocol merging natural and social science and emphasising a community-engaged approach. It focuses on the donkey's condition and on human attitudes and broader dynamics that shape particular welfare outcomes. A holistic understanding of donkey welfare issues is vital to ensuring appropriate and effective development interventions for the benefit of humans and their animals.     

‘Community development’ as a buzz-word

This article examines the semantic evolution of the term ‘community development’ (CD) in the latter half of the twentieth century. It is argued that CD has acquired different meanings, theoretical grounding, and practical applications, starting from a focus on traditional societies up to the 1960s, moving to a focus on social and/or civil-rights movements up to the 1980s, and further to a focus on the modern middle class from the 1990s. The thrust of the argument is that the concept is not cohesive and unified but represents a repertoire of meanings which include many shades of CD that are not necessarily mutually compatible but reflect particular political and social practices in the contexts in which they occur.     

Resettlement and risk of adverse incorporation: the case of the Polavaram dam

This article argues that people involuntarily displaced by development projects face the risk of adverse incorporation into local processes of development, and that resettlement programmes should aim at mitigating this risk. The article also contends that investigating the risk of adverse incorporation enables the identification of context-specific factors and processes that are likely to affect the outcomes of resettlement. The argument is applied to the case of the Polavaram dam in Andhra Pradesh, India, which will displace 200,000 people. It demonstrates that the affected people face the risk of being exposed to landlessness, fragmentation of landholdings, and casualisation of labour as a result of resettlement.     

中越边境云南段＂三非＂人员问题的原因及对策

为维护中国边境地区的国家利益和安全稳定，需要加强对边境地区执法管理。边境地区“三非人员”的管理和研究是一项重要的工作。在中越边境地区，中国警务部门应强化对“三非人员”形成的原因和影响进行分析，结合实际，采取区别性原则，强化对“新三非人员”的管理。     

浅析对外汉语教学的“方法时代”和“后方法时代”

进入到21世纪以来,传统的对外汉语教学法受到了许多研究者的质疑,面临着"后方法时代"的挑战,对外汉语教学不再盲目地追求呆板模式化的教学方法,它需要教师更多的自主和创新。"后方法时代"的发展特征和趋势正在和将要极大地影响对外汉语教学和对外汉语教学研究。"后方法时代"的对外汉语教学,要在遵循教学一般规律的前提下,在充分考虑语言教学的特点的基础上,尽可能做到因人而宜、因材施教,注重效果,切勿生搬硬套。     

简述警察文献的手工检索途径

警察文献的利用率是衡量警察学术水平的重要标志，掌握警察文献的检索方法可以加快查找文献的速度，提高学习和研究的水平。     

Combining sanitation and women's participation in water supply: an example from Rajasthan

Water supply and sanitation provision are key elements in progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Women's participation is considered integral to the sustainability of the projects created to meet these two MDGs. Bringing feminist and geographic critiques to bear on gendered approaches to improving sanitation coverage, the research reported on in this article indicates that latrine building and women's participation may be contradictory goals for sanitation projects, despite the fact that women are the target group for latrine-building interventions. The findings of the analysis suggest that attention must be given to latrine building as both a technical undertaking and a gendered political intervention.     

Successful or not? Evidence,emergence, and development management

This article offers a critique of the dominant ways of conceiving of, managing, and evaluating development. It argues that these management methods constrain the exploration of novelty and difference. By drawing on insights from the complexity sciences, particularly the theory of emergence, the article calls for a broadening of our understanding of how social change comes about. Arguing that the domain of development is not a narrow technical discipline, but an intensely social and political practice of mutual recognition, this article calls for a greater focus on power and processes of relating as they affect local interaction between people.