人参皂苷Rg1抑制小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的作用及免疫机制

目的观察人参皂苷Rg1对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)的抑制作用及其对脾淋巴细胞T细胞亚群和外周血细胞因子水平的影响。方法采用C57BL/6小鼠皮下多点注射MOG35-55、百日咳毒素的方法复制EAE模型。将EAE小鼠随机分为模型组,人参皂苷Rg1低、中、高剂量组,同时设置正常对照组,每组6只。首次免疫后第10天予以不同剂量Rg1腹腔注射,连续给药14 d。第35天处死小鼠后取脊髓,观察各组小鼠脊髓炎症细胞浸润和脱髓鞘等病理变化,采用流式细胞仪检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞Th1、Th17、Treg细胞亚群,采用ELISA法检测外周血白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17A、干扰素γ(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)、IL-6、IL-10水平。结果与模型组比较,人参皂苷Rg1低、中、高剂量组小鼠神经症状评分显著下降(P<0.05),脊髓炎症细胞浸润评分和脱髓鞘评分显著降低(P<0.05),脾淋巴细胞CD4+、CD8+、Th1、Th17 T细胞亚群比例显著降低(P<0.05),Treg(CD4+CD25+FoxP3+)比例显著升高(P<0.05),外周血IFN-γ、IL-17A、IL-16水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平显著升高(P<0.05),人参皂苷Rg1的作用呈现明显的剂量依赖性。结论人参皂苷Rg1可显著改善EAE小鼠的临床症状,减轻中枢神经系统脱髓鞘和炎症细胞浸润,其作用可能与调控Th17、Th1、Treg细胞亚群失衡,抑制炎症细胞因子表达相关。     

A mathematical model of the persistence of conflict

A differential equation model is proposed to explain how a persistent level of conflict might be maintained by a nation. The basic driving force in the model is the assumption that there are two interacting forces within the nation. One group benefits from high levels of conflict and as the level of conflict drops attempts to drive it upwards again. The other group benefits from the absence of conflict and as the level of conflict becomes high attempts to drive it down. These assumptions lead to a model which has the following characteristics:

1. If the initial level of conflict is positive the stable level is positive and intermediate between the desired positions of the nationalists and internationalists.

2. If the initial value is negative the behavior is unstable and infinite negative conflict results.

   Introduction of a lag in the response to policy can produce the following additional behaviors:

3. Oscillating return to the equilibrium point.

4. Oscillating patterns which are virtually constant over time.

5. Rapid increases in conflict for short periods of time interspersed with long period of virtually no conflict.

   These different patterns can be obtained with the change of a single parameter in the model.

     

论警察执法作战指挥效能评估

警察执法作战指挥效能评估,就是对警察执法作战指挥活动所产生的有利作用进行的评估。这种评估可分为“综合效能评估”和“单项效能评估”两种类型,评估主要有“定性评估、定量评估、定性与定量相结合的综合评估”三种方法,评估的步骤可分为“评估准备、评估实施”两个阶段,评估的要求是“客观、全面、可行”。掌握科学的评估方法并按要求对警察执法作战指挥效能进行评估,对于检验和评价指挥实践活动,合理地组织指挥机构和指挥自动化系统,正确地运用指挥手段和指挥方式,总结经验教训,科学地规范指挥者的指挥活动,大幅度提高作战指挥效能都具有十分重要的作用。     

信息社会警察执法权论

信息社会对警察执法权的行使产生了巨大而深刻的影响,信息社会警察执法权行使与传统的执法模式有很大的不同,并有自身的特征。信息社会警察执法存在少数民警应用信息化执法观念不强,信息化执法有的涉嫌无法律依据、违背权力行使法定原则等问题。完善信息社会警察权的行使,需要增强警察信息意识,在规制警察权力的基本法律中增加警察信息化执法法律条款,制定统一的警察信息化执法规范等。     

消防执法难点及对策探讨

目前,我国消防法规体系初步建成,为消防行政执法提供了可靠的依据,但在具体实施中依然存在执法力量不足和地方行政干预等问题。要加强消防执法工作,必须在立法机构的法制建设中纠正“重立法、轻执法”的指导思想,建立健全监督制约机制,规范消防行政执法。     

Agencies without borders: Explaining partner selection in the formation of transnational agreements between regulators

Transnational collaboration between regulatory agencies has proliferated rapidly within the last three decades. However, given that information regarding the motives, trustworthiness, and capabilities of potential partners is typically imperfect, decisions about with whom to collaborate are inevitably characterized by a degree of uncertainty. To better capture these dynamics, this article uses a network analytical perspective and hypothesizes that agencies are more likely to form agreements with agencies to whom they are already indirectly connected (transitivity), that are highly connected (preferential attachment), or with whom they share tie-characteristics (assortativity). To test these hypotheses, a stochastic actor-oriented model is used to analyze an original, self-coded data set in which bilateral information exchange agreements between national securities agencies (n = 143) are mapped out over a 18-year period. The results show that the formation of agreements between regulatory agencies is driven by (i) the number of shared partners (i.e. triadic closure); and (ii) similarity regarding agency characteristics (i.e. homophily).     

略陈公安执法规范化建设之管见

作为“三项建设”的核心和关键——推进执法规范化建设．反映了公安机关践行科学发展观的政治追求和维护公平正义的法律主张。随着依法治国方略的逐步深化和全民法制意识的不断提高．广大民众对公安执法水平和公正执法的要求越来越高．在以人为本、尊重和保障人权的和谐社会建设中．要不断促使公安机关挖掘、研究加强公安执法规范化建设的有效途径。     

公安机关执法绩效评估的实践探讨——以湖北省荆州市公安局开展执法质量“分考总评”为视角

公安机关执法绩效评估,即对公安执法工作成绩与效果的评价与估算,对公安队伍建设具有积极的作用。荆州市公安局对执法绩效评估进行了认真探索,由单纯的执法质量考评转变为执法绩效考核,并推出执法质量"分考总评"的新模式。当前,公安机关推行执法绩效评估,应注意克服将执法绩效评估作为一种单纯的奖罚手段等问题,注重利用公安网络,使考核手段自动化、系统化,充分有效地运用考核结果,努力形成"争先恐后、勇创一流"的工作局面。     

论群体性事件中党的工作

近年来,群体性事件呈多发态势,因而,研究如何发挥执政党的作用,充分发挥执政党所具有的丰富的媒体资源的优势,第一时间占领舆论的制高点,积极协调,将事件引向理性解决的轨道,并通过制定长期的战略政策,从根本上消除群体性事件就显得十分重要。     

私人在经济法实施中的作用——理论逻辑与发展路径

经济法的实施问题是目前经济法学研究较为薄弱的环节.转变单一的公力规制思维,重视私人参与是探索经济法实施理论的应有之义.现代社会蕴藏着丰富的法律实施资源,私人实施已经在具有公害性特征的某些法律领域起到了举足轻重的作用.在秉承社会本位、着眼公共利益的经济法中,具有“经济人”特征的私人可以弥补公共实施的缺位、发挥信息优势、产生社会效应,提升法律实施的效果.建立公共与私人相结合的经济法二元实施体制、健全经济法公益诉讼机制是促进私人参与经济法实施、提升法律实施效率的重要途径.