制度经济学视野下宽严相济的经济犯罪控制对策研究

随着"宽严相济"刑事政策的出台,刑法势必重新选择对经济犯罪的控制对策,以摆脱效益与公正性的困境。根据这种对策所形成的制度安排应当在减少交易成本和保障制度创新方面符合市场经济的基本要求,具体包括两个方面:构建非刑法的经济犯罪控制体系;根据经济违法行为的不同危害性构建相应的刑法控制体系。     

Desert, Justice and Capital Punishment

Our purpose in this paper is to consider a procedural objection to the death penalty. According to this objection, even if the death penalty is deemed, substantively speaking, a morally acceptable punishment for at least some murderers, since only a small proportion of those guilty of aggravated murder are sentenced to death and executed, while the majority of murderers escape capital punishment as a result of arbitrariness and discrimination, capital punishment should be abolished. Our targets in this paper are two recent attempts, by Thomas Hurka and Michael Cholbi respectively, to defend the view that ‘levelling down’ (that is, reducing the punishment imposed on a criminal from the punishment he absolutely deserves to a less severe punishment in order to achieve proportionality relative to the criminals who have escaped the punishment they absolutely deserve) is, in the context of capital punishment, morally permissible. We argue that both Hurka and Cholbi fail to show why the arbitrariness and discrimination objection impugns the death penalty.

国家刑罚权与检察职能的关系

现代检察制度是随着国家将刑罚权分解并由不同国家机关承担侦查、起诉与审判职能而产生与发展起来的,是法治思想的产物。刑事法治的要旨在于对国家刑罚权进行限制以保障公民个体的权利。我国法治实践表明,检察机关的根本任务应从侧重刑罚的保护功能(惩治犯罪)向刑罚保护功能和保障功能(保障人权)并举,维护国家刑罚权良性运行的轨道转变,这不仅是刑事司法规律对检察权运行的本质要求,也是"法律监督"属性在刑事司法领域的本质含义和具体体现。     

School Suspensions and Adverse Experiences in Adulthood

The “school-to-prison pipeline” and the negative effects of suspensions, expulsions and school arrests have received increasing national attention recently. Researchers have documented some of the potential harms of these exclusionary school discipline practices for students, including academic difficulties, increased misconduct, and future justice system contact. However, these investigations have been somewhat limited in scope, as they tend to focus only on students’ academic outcomes and juvenile justice system involvement. In this paper we seek to expand upon prior studies by considering how school suspensions may affect youth in peripheral and long-lasting ways. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health, we analyze whether being suspended from school relates to the likelihood of students experiencing a number of adverse events and outcomes when they are adults. We find that being suspended increases the likelihood that a student will experience criminal victimization, criminal involvement, and incarceration years later, as adults.     

AGE,PERIOD, AND COHORT EFFECTS ON DEATH PENALTY ATTITUDES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1974–2014

In this article, we further the understanding of both changes in public opinion on capital punishment in the United States and changes in the factors associated with public opinion on the death penalty. Support for the death penalty may be motivated by events happening during specific time periods, and it can vary across birth cohorts as a result of cohort‐specific socialization processes, demographic changes, and formative events that are specific to each generation. An explication of the sources of and variation in death penalty attitudes over time would benefit from the accounting for the age of the respondent, the year of the survey response, and the birth cohort of the respondent. We improve on previous research by using multiple approaches including hierarchical age–period–cohort models and data from the General Social Survey (N = 41,474) to examine changes in death penalty attitudes over time and across birth cohorts. The results showed curvilinear age effects, strong period effects, and weak cohort effects on death penalty support. The violent crime rate explained much of the variation in support for the death penalty across periods. The examination of subgroup differences suggests that support for the death penalty is becoming concentrated among Whites, Protestants, and Republicans.     

Taking Deterrence Seriously: The Wide-Scope Deterrence Theory of Punishment

A deterrence theory of punishment holds that the institution of criminal punishment is morally justified because it serves to deter crime. Because the fear of external sanction is an important incentive in crime deterrence, the deterrence theory is often associated with the idea of severe, disproportionate punishment. An objection to this theory holds that hope of escape renders even the severest punishment inapt and irrelevant.

This article revisits the concept of deterrence and defend a more plausible deterrence theory of punishment—the wide-scope deterrence theory. The wide-scope theory holds that we must make the best use of all the deterrence tools available, including both external and internal sanctions. Drawing on insights from the early Confucian tradition, the article develops a deep deterrence theory, which holds that the most important deterrence tool involves internal, not external, sanction. It describes how internal sanctions deter potential offenses and why relevant policies need not conflict with liberalism’s respect for neutrality.     

浅析子产的依法治国之道

春秋时期,礼崩乐坏,社会激荡,天下大乱。郑国执政子产,审时度势,率先提出了:“都鄙有章,上下有服,田有封洫,庐井有伍”的依法度治理国家的政治主张,以求灭灾役、愈创伤、图生存、谋发展,为此,他铸刑彰法,崇德尚罚,改税励贾。这其中既有“罪刑法定”的成份,也有“宽猛相济”的因子,又有“经济法制”的元素。因而它对于我们今天更好地贯彻党和政府“依法治国”方略,实现国内经济法制与国际经贸法规科学对接,不无借鉴与启迪。     

析单位犯罪自首

新刑法确立了单位犯罪的主体地位,对于单位犯罪理论中的自首认定和处罚问题并没有具体涉及,单位犯罪后自首认定理论界尚存分歧,这就给司法实践的具体操作带来困难,需要对单位犯罪中的自首情形进行研究,本文在此基础上明确单位犯罪自首与单位自首的理论区别,探讨单位自首后的处罚问题。     

罪刑法定、法律解释与机械执法

机械执法是一种错误的执法思想。对罪刑法定原则必须在实质上进行把握,法律词义原则上应从广义解释。刑法规定的内容应明确、具体,具有实体的合理性。法官对于法条解释的内容不得超出一般人的理解。     

论文景帝刑制改革的思想渊源与历史价值

中国汉代文帝和景帝刑制改革,以废除肉刑为中心,是中国法律史和文化史上的重大事件。其思想背景是“新道家”思想,即综合了儒家、法家、黄老、阴阳家等思想因素,具有深厚的中华文化底蕴,是中国法律儒家化的先声和最重要的过渡基础;它在中国法律制度史、中国法律思想史乃至人类法律文明史上都具有重大历史意义。