美国人工智能战略新动向及其全球影响

鉴于人工智能发展所带来的一系列机遇与挑战,特朗普政府对于人工智能的重视程度不断攀升,并从战略定位、体系架构、财政投入与对外政策四个方面对美国的人工智能战略做出了新调整。实际上,美国在高新技术方面的垄断地位是其维系全球霸权的重要基础。特朗普政府在人工智能领域所实施的一系列政策调整,目的就在于确保美国在人工智能领域的绝对领先优势。总体上,特朗普政府的人工智能战略呈现以"美国优先"为由的科技民族主义趋向、基于"绝对安全观"的技术战略扩张趋向以及威慑与遏制并行的现实主义趋向。鉴于美国的科技实力和全球影响力,特朗普政府推行的人工智能战略将使人工智能领域的国际合作受到较大制约,军备竞赛和地缘政治冲突将随之加剧,"科技脱钩"与治理缺失的风险也将不断凸显。作为人工智能技术发展和应用大国,中国应在保持战略清醒和定力的前提下,处理好发展与安全、合作与竞争之间的关系,在掌握发展主动权的基础上推动人工智能技术的健康、可持续发展。     

论《劳动合同法》中的“劳动基准”

我国现行《劳动合同法》中包含了大量背离普通民事法律规则的劳动关系强行运行规则,但这些规则仍属于私法领域,与公法属性的劳动基准存在本质差别。由公权保障实施,是劳动基准的特征之一。将过多的单位义务纳入劳动监察的保障实施范围,分散了劳动基准的公权保护力度,因此,不宜将现行劳动监察事项作为劳动基准的判断依据。对劳动合同书面形式、二倍工资、经济补偿金、用工档案等具体制度规则的分析表明,我国《劳动合同法》中的大量强行规则并非劳动基准。虽然《劳动合同法》与劳动基准关系密切,但其中真正涉及劳动基准的规定并不多,仅在非典型劳动关系调整中略有提及,因此,制定单独的《劳动基准法》,仍有很大的制度空间。     

Intergovernmental relations on immigrant integration in multi-level states. A comparative assessment

ABSTRACT

The study of intergovernmental relations (IGR) is a classical research area in scholarship on federalism and territorial politics. However, it has largely ignored the relatively new, and recently decentralized area of immigrant integration. The aim of this Special Issue is twofold. First, it aims to analyse how governments in multi-level states coordinate on immigrant integration. Second, it wishes to explain the dynamics that shape the features of intergovernmental relations. In doing so, we focus on four multi-level states; two of which are federal (Belgium and Canada) and two that are decentralized (Italy and Spain). Whilst we engage with the established literature on intergovernmental relations to formulate hypotheses about the nature and dynamics of intergovernmental relations, we also formulate less explored hypotheses. Our overarching argument is that the scholarship on IGR benefits from in-depth comparative case studies comparing IGR not just across countries, but also across policy areas and over time.     

China's Mode for Compiling an Environmental Code…

Basic law + separate laws and codification are the two modes countries worldwide adopted for enacting environmental legislation in line with their national circumstances and legal traditions. Following the goal of establishing a modern environmental governance system, the mode moderate codification should be China's choice for compiling an environmental code. Moderate codification is a dynamic and open substantive code-compiling mode. Based on idea changes and method innovations, it builds a basic logic system with the goal value as the core and the tool value as the technical method. An environmental code following the moderate codification mode can use the structure of General—Specifics. The General Part extracts common factors and elaborates the legislative purposes, basic principles, management rules and lead measures that dominate the overall situations and are universally applicable. Then each Specific Part (they form Specifics) compiles and integrates the relevant prevailing laws and regulations, and further regulate environmental factors. Therefore, the cornerstone concept of eco-environment should be defined and the environmental legal relationships should be clarified. Environmental code derives from dual source-of-law and considers sustainable development as its value goal, takes the eco-environment as its cornerstone concept, and regards the legal relationship as its systematic tool for constructing its framework system.     

新时代我国和谐劳动关系构建的政治经济学分析

劳动关系是社会和谐发展的风向标，构建和谐劳动关系是中国特色社会主义事业的重要组成部分。 本研究从马克思关于劳动关系的一般论述中汲取理论支撑，从我国劳动关系演进的制度化与常态化进程中借鉴 有益经验，为构建新时代中国特色和谐劳动关系提供参考。研究认为，当前人民日益增长的美好生活需要对我 国劳动关系的构建提出了更高更全面的要求,但是我国劳动力的供给状况和新型就业形态的涌现给劳动关系治 理带来了_定的挑战，劳动关系主体地位失衡以及劳动关系协调机制不健全等问题在一定程度上制约了和谐劳 动关系构建的进程。研究建议，构建中国特色和谐劳动关系，应始终坚持劳动者的主体地位，大力激发公有制 经济活力，发挥政府主导作用，加强新时代工会组织建设。     

两岸关系和平发展重要思想初探

两岸关系进入和平发展阶段，虽尚处于初级阶段，但其发展的难以逆转趋势已成为普遍的共识。尽管如此，由于海峡两岸历经冲突、对峙、隔绝乃至有外力介入的长期历史，未来的两岸关系仍有可能出现曲折、复杂的态势。当此之时，加深对两岸关系和平发展重要思想形成的背景、理论意义认识并清醒地面对有可能出现的种种挑战，有助于巩固两岸关系和平发展局面并推动其深入发展。     

Swiss Environmental Foreign Policy and Sustainable Development

This paper provides a narrative account of the Swiss environmental foreign policymaking process by former Swiss government officials and links their observations to relevant foreign policy and international relations theories. It provides background information on the broader context for sustainable development contained in the new Swiss Federal Constitution and suggests how realigning government, economy and society on the new Federal Constitution can help to promote sustainable development domestically and through multi­lateral channels.     

International conflict,military rule,and violent authoritarian breakdown

ABSTRACT

Why do some transitions of power from military rule occur violently while others do not? What effect, if any, does the international security environment have on how violent breakdowns of authoritarian rule are? I argue a conflict-prone security environment ameliorates the commitment problem by ensuring an influential role for the military out of power. Therefore, when facing a domestic crisis in a threatening security environment, military leaders are more likely to peacefully cede power rather than wield violent measures to stay in office. Perhaps counter-intuitively, international conflicts thus lead to transitions of power from military rule that minimize violence and human costs. International conflicts do not have this moderating effect on other types of authoritarian rule.     

The Day‐to‐Day Life of a Dean: Engaging in Negotiations and negotiations

This article analyzes the negotiating strategies and tactics that proved useful during my eight‐year stint as dean of the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations during the 1970s. David Lax and James Sebenius have paved the way with their pioneering work on The Manager as Negotiator. By taking this perspective to the academic setting, I have identified a portfolio of tactics that are helpful in understanding how an administrator operates in a complex environment. The examples presented in this article help flesh out the standard categories of distributive and integrative bargaining as well as forcing and fostering strategies for implementing change.