美国联邦政府的煤矿安全生产监管制度研究

中美两国都是世界上最主的煤炭生产国和消费国.但是,两国的煤矿安全状况却存在较大差异.除了煤炭产业结构、技术水平和资源禀赋等因素之外,煤矿安全监管法治建设也是导致这一差异的重原因.美国煤矿安全生产立法经历多轮修订,不断纠正历次重大煤矿事故暴露出的监管缺陷,建立起独立高效的煤矿安全监管体系,完善煤矿安全监察和事故调查程序,优化了法律责任和执法机制.此外,煤矿安全监察员和煤矿从业人员的强制培训制度,也可以有效加强监管机构的监管能力和监管对象的合规水平.而美国矿山安全和健康委员会独立负责的行政复议,有效保障了对行政执法行为的纠错和对相对人的救济功能.这些经验值得中国参考借鉴.     

数字时代司法责任伦理之守正

在数字化浪潮下,司法活动呈现出"去责任化"的趋势,具体表现为责任感的缺失和责任推诿的加剧,因而亟待法学界对司法责任伦理予以革新。数字技术导致司法责任消解的机理是复杂和多元的,主要源于其兼具权威性与非权威性、确定性与不确定性、机械性与能动性等多重面孔。当前我国司法工作中的数字技术主要被应用于证据指引系统、风险评估工具、在线诉讼平台的开发等事项上,这些领域也是司法责任伦理冲突最为激烈的场域。数字时代应当坚守人本主义司法责任伦理,准确界定机器、技术人员、系统部署者与司法官的责任框架,在拥抱技术的同时树立科学的责任观,借助数字技术建立和完善符合时代特征的司法责任体系。     

试论隋唐至明清时期中国古代粮食安全思想的嬗变

在以农业为主要产业和生产力水平较低的古代社会,粮食问题关乎国家、社会稳定,关系王朝兴旺昌盛。中国古代粮食安全思想丛先秦时期开始萌芽,至秦汉时期得以全面发展,隋唐时期趋于完善,宋元明清时期最终定型并增加了新的内容。重农思想和粮食安全观念始终是中国古代思想文化的重要内容,并形成了具有中国传统文化特色的古代粮食安全思想。在这个思想体系中,重农思想是保障粮食稳定、充足供应的基础,储粮备荒是应对粮食危机的主要方式,赈济灾荒是发挥粮食安全作业的重要手段,粮食流通在调剂地区粮食余缺中发挥了积极作用,以粮食为基础的国家政策是重农思想在实践中的体现。     

Tricyclic Antidepressants Found in Pilots Fatally Injured in Civil Aviation Accidents

Prevalence of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has not been explored in pilots. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident and the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) toxicology and medical certification databases were searched for pilots fatally injured in aviation accidents. During 1990–2012, CAMI received bio‐samples of pilots from 7037 aviation accidents. Of these, 2644 cases were positive for drugs. TCAs were present in 31. TCA blood concentrations ranged from therapeutic to toxic levels. The NTSB determined that the use of drugs and ethanol as the probable cause or contributing factor in 35% (11 of 31) of the accidents. None of the 31 pilots reported the use of TCAs during their aviation medical examination. The prevalence of TCAs in aviators was less than 0.5% (31 of 7037 cases). There is a need for aviators to fully disclose the use of medications at the time of their medical examination.     

Delivering Science into Public Policy: An Analysis of Murray‐Darling Basin Sustainable Yields Assessment as a Model for Impact

The desire to base policy at least in part upon scientific information is a clear trend in Australian governance. The growing literature on how to facilitate this intent highlights a few important principles complemented by examples from the application of social sciences. An example from a very large research project based on physical sciences responding to a national crisis is presented in the context of how it approached delivery to policy‐makers. The Murray‐Darling Basin Sustainable Yields Assessment, widely considered an outstanding success in both scientific terms and for its impact, is reviewed with respect to how the scientific challenge of assessing the future security of water resources in Australia's most important and politically contentious catchment translated into the policy domain. The lessons learned offer a potential template for science with policy intent.     

政府在食品安全监管中的职能转变与策略选择——基于北京市场的案例调研

基于对我国食品安全监管现状的认识,本文提出了以政府为主导的食品安全控制体系向以企业为主导的食品安全保证体系的发展方向;以农产品批发市场为例,通过案例调研进一步阐述传统监管体系在实际运行中存在的问题及转变政府职能的必要性,如监管重复化、程式化和低效率,市场执行效果不好,抽检规范化、标准化和信息追溯可信度低等;并通过博弈模型分析政府和企业(市场)进行食品安全监管和控制的行为决策过程,找出通过政府职能的转变而促使企业从"反应型食品安全监管"向"自主型食品安全监管"转变的关键所在与有效路径,为提升我国食品安全监管效率、创新食品安全监管模式提供思路。     

The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: a review of the empirical evidence

One of the verbal approaches to the detection of deceit is based on research on human memory that tries to identify the characteristics that differentiate between internal and external memories (reality monitoring). This approach has attempted to extrapolate the contributions of reality monitoring (RM) research to the deception area. In this paper, we have attempted to review all available studies conducted in several countries in order to yield some general conclusions concerning the discriminative power of this approach. Regarding individual criteria, the empirical results are not very encouraging: few criteria discriminate significantly across studies, and there are several variables that moderate their effect. Some of the contradictory findings may have emerged because of differences in the operationalizations and procedures used across individual studies. However, more promising results have been reported in recent studies, and the approach as a whole appears to discriminate above chance level, reaching accuracy rates that are similar to those of criteria-based content analysis (CBCA). Some suggestions for future research are made.     

基于职业生命周期的驾驶员多维安全教育策略探讨

驾驶作为一种准职业技能,具备生命周期的属性。处于不同职业阶段的驾驶员具备不同的特点,其安全培训教育的需求是不一样的。按照驾龄与驾驶技术的成熟度,驾驶员的生命周期可分为学习期、实习期、熟练期、熟悉期以及衰退期。在这样划分的基础上,我们可以分析出不同阶段的职业特点与安全培训需求,从而设计出基于职业生命周期的驾驶员安全教育培训内容、学习形式与教学方法,以及相应的实施策略。     

基于安全系统学原理的爆炸物品管理

爆炸物品管理是一个繁杂而艰巨的系统工程,运用安全系统学原理研究和指导爆炸物品管理工作是十分契合的,又是十分必要和重要的。在构建爆炸物品管理的安全系统结构模型,确定爆炸物品管理安全系统综合指标体系及其权重的基础上,提出了爆炸物品管理系统安全、科学、高效运行的措施。