唾液中滥用药物分析及其与血液中药物浓度的相关性

唾液是一种成分简单、易于采集的体液,某些药物在唾液中的浓度可以反映其血药浓度。本文分析了滥用药物进入唾液的机制和影响因素,综述了唾液中滥用药物分析时样品的采集、前处理和检测方法以及唾液与血液中药物浓度的相关性。认为唾液是临床和法医学方面很有价值的分析样品,用唾液中滥用药物浓度来推测血药浓度具有一定的法医学意义。     

Politics,Violence and Drugs in Kingston,Jamaica

The involvement of gangs, guns and ganja (marijuana) in Jamaica has, since independence in 1962, largely been confined to the capital, Kingston, and more specifically to the downtown, impoverished sections of the city known locally as the ghetto. This paper examines the characteristics of the ghetto; the context that it provides for political patronage among Kingston's most marginalised citizens; the evolution of certain downtown constituencies into garrison communities; and the separation between politics and drug violence that has marked the last twenty years, as Colombian cocaine has displaced locally‐produced ganja as the key drug to be consumed and traded.     

Quantitative Analysis of Sildenafil and Tadalafil in Various Fake Drugs Recently Distributed in Korea

Abstract: Illicit distribution of various illicit or counterfeit drugs containing sildenafil and tadalafil has increased and caused noticeable problems in Korea. This study has been performed to determine the content range of sildenafil and tadalafil in various fake drugs. Among the illicit or counterfeit drugs seized by Korean authorities, 105 exhibits were used for the quantification. HPLC–UV analysis of methanol extractions was used for separation and quantitation of the two target compounds. The most abundant type of fake drug was counterfeit Viagra^® tablets. Sildenafil was found in 73 exhibits, and tadalafil was found in seven exhibits. Twenty‐five exhibits out of the 105 contained both sildenafil and tadalafil. The contents of sildenafil ranged from 4.3 to 453.2 mg; for tadalafil, the range was 2.2–40.4 mg. The proportion of cases of having more than 100 mg of sildenafil was 50% and 78% had more than 20 mg of tadalafil.     

非法持有毒品罪若干问题研究

非法持有毒品罪是我国刑法规定的有关毒品犯罪的重要罪名。人们对非法‘特有”的内涵与外延、行为人认识错误的法律认定、非法持有毒品罪的数量标准、非法持有毒品罪的罪数形态、共同犯罪等问题研究的还不够深入。加强对这些问题的系统研究，可为司法实践提供一定的借鉴。     

Back to first principles: a new model for the regulation of drug promotion

The US Food and Drug Administration''s (‘FDA’ or the ‘Agency’) current regulatory framework for drug promotion, by significantly restricting the ability of drug manufacturers to communicate important, accurate, up-to-date scientific information about their products that is truthful and non-misleading, runs afoul of the First Amendment and actually runs counter to the Agency''s public health mission. Our article proposes a New Model that represents an initial proposal for a modern, sustainable regulatory framework that comprehensively addresses drug promotion while protecting the public health, protecting manufacturers’ First Amendment rights, establishing clear and understandable rules, and maintaining the integrity of the FDA approval process. The New Model would create three categories of manufacturer communications—(1) Scientific Exchange and Other Exempt Communications, (2) Non-Core Communications, and (3) Core Communications—that would be regulated consistent with the First Amendment and according to the strength of the government''s interest in regulating the specific communications included within each category. The New Model should address the FDA''s concerns related to off-label speech while protecting drug manufacturers’ freedom to engage in truthful and non-misleading communications about their products.     

贩卖毒品罪共犯疑难问题探析

贩卖毒品罪共犯中有三类情形较为特殊：一是如何定性介绍贩卖毒品行为；二是受他人雇佣陪同贩卖毒品的行为能否构成贩卖毒品罪共犯；三是购买毒品者能否构成贩卖毒品罪之共犯。对此有必要结合刑法理论予以认真分析研究，以利于准确、有效地打击毒品犯罪。     

2003''广州地区打击毒品犯罪的回顾与思考

现阶段,广州渐已成为跨国(境)贩毒的重要转运站、省内外毒品的主要集散地、毒品违法犯罪方式的辐射中心和国内毒品较大的地下消费市场。广州地区毒品犯罪的产生,具有一定的时代性、地域性,是国际的、国内,经济的、社会的、历史的等因素交织的结果。公安机关缉毒部门在工作中,应体现时代性、把握规律性、富有创造性。缉毒队伍向专业化、高素质化的方向发展,拓宽毒品犯罪情报信息来源渠道,阵地控制向规范、高效方向发展,用高科技手段侦查、取证,充分使用控制下交付的毒品案件侦查手段,加大对毒品洗钱犯罪的打击力度,拓展缉毒的警务合作的深度和广度,努力开创缉毒工作的新局面。     

走私制毒物品罪立法的缺陷与完善

现行刑法的走私制毒物品罪是从先前的《关于禁毒的决定》承继而来,较之先前的立法作了较大的改善。但遗憾的是,它仍然在罪名、罪状以及刑罚的设置上留有一些立法的缺陷,而学界对此鲜有论述。不完善的刑法规定只是我们注释刑法学的出发点,但它不应成为科学的理论刑法学研究的归宿。     

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

A total of 137 urine samples and 46 serum samples, corresponding to 154 self-confessed designer drugs consumers in Ibiza island, were analyzed for the presence of designer drugs: amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), etc.), ketamine and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Among this population, coming both from the forensic clinic and from the emergency room of a hospital, a total of 99 cases were found positive for some designer drug. This study shows the prevalence of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) among designer drug users, sole or in association with other drugs. Also, the mixture of MDMA with other designer drugs, ethanol and/or cocaine is shown to be more likely to produce toxic symptoms requiring clinical attendance in a hospital emergency room. These findings along with the consumption history, the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in urine and serum and the toxicological significance for the interpretation of some MDMA metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) are discussed in this study.     

DART‐MS as a Preliminary Screening Method for “Herbal Incense”: Chemical Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoids

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) served as a method for rapid high‐throughput screening of six commercially available “Spice” products, detecting various combinations of five synthetic cannabinoids. Direct analysis in real time is an ambient ionization process that, along with high mass accuracy time‐of‐flight (TOF)‐MS to 0.0001 Da, was employed to establish the presence of cannabinoids. Mass spectra were acquired by simply suspending a small portion of sample between the ion source and the mass spectrometer inlet. The ability to test minute amounts of sample is a major advantage when very limited amounts of evidentiary material are available. In addition, reports are widespread regarding the testing backlogs that now exist because of the large influx of designer drugs. This method circumvents time‐consuming sample extraction, derivatization, chromatographic, and other sample preparative steps required for analysis by more conventional mass spectrometric methods. Accordingly, the synthetic cannabinoids AM‐2201, JWH‐122, JWH‐203, JWH‐210, and RCS‐4 were identified in commercially available herbal Spice products, singly and in tandem, at concentrations within the range of 4–141 mg/g of material. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry decreases the time necessary to triage analytical evidence, and therefore, it has the potential to contribute to backlog reduction and more timely criminal prosecution.