医疗损害鉴定意见存在问题与对策

鉴定意见作为专门性问题的鉴定结果,是诉讼案件得以正确处理的重要依据,其对诉讼结果的影响不言自明。鉴定意见不仅关乎证据制度,也涉及司法体系和诉讼程序。医疗领域的诉讼因裁判者囿于知识的局限,鉴定意见的作用更为突出。长期以来,鉴定问题已严重影响到司法裁判的效率与公正。本文通过梳理鉴定意见在医疗损害诉讼各环节中存在的问题,剖析鉴定方式、鉴定主体、文书内容以及审查采信方面等问题的成因,提出确立以自然人为中心的“鉴定人——专家辅助人”的“双翼”医疗损害鉴定人制度,规范鉴定意见内容和表述方式,完善质证程序等措施。     

Evaluation of a Visualization Assay for Blood on Forensic Evidence

In forensics, bloodstains on dark fabrics might be invisible for the naked eye. Although several visualization, presumptive, and confirmatory blood tests have been developed, all have one or more disadvantages, especially on DNA analysis. We report here the use of a visualization assay that can visually detect blood drops up to 1/20 dilution. In this assay, the fabric is placed between two wet filter papers and covered by glass surfaces on both sides. Pressure is applied on the glass surfaces in which bloodstains transfer onto the filter papers through capillary forces. Detected stains can be tested with other more sensitive presumptive blood tests performed on the filter paper. Even more, DNA analysis can be performed on the transferred bloodstains. The presented visualization assay is easy to perform, extremely cheap, requires little hands on time, and does not affect bloodstain pattern analysis.     

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Evaluation of Suspect Testimony: Palynological Scanning

A rapid method for evaluating suspect testimony is valuable at any stage in an inquiry and can result in a change of direction in an investigation. Rape cases, in particular, can present problems where a defendant renders DNA analysis redundant by claiming that the claimant consented to have sexual relations. Forensic palynology is valuable in confirming or eliminating locations as being crime scenes, thus checking the testimony of both parties. In contrast to some forensic disciplines, forensic palynology can provide critical information without time-consuming full analysis. Two cases are described where the palynological assemblages from comparator samples of pertinent places were compared with those obtained from clothing of claimants and defendants. The results of rapid microscopical scanning of relevant preparations led to early confessions, thus obviating the need for costly analyses and protracted court proceedings. A third case demonstrates the unbiased nature of this technique where a man, although innocent of any offense, lied about having visited the crime scene for fear of prosecution. This highlights the need for sensitive policing in claims of rape.     

理性分析与法律规制：“测谎仪”在刑事司法活动中运用

“测谎仪”以特殊作用机理在刑事司法活动中发挥着重要的作用。通过对世界各国对“测谎仪”及测谎技术的考量，不难发现各国对“测谎仪”的使用存在不同的看法．这也加剧对“测谎仪”适用的争议。针对司法实践中对“测谎仪”的诘问，客观、理性的做法是：加强对“测谎仪”使用的法律规制．使其运用规范化、科学化、法律化。     

计算机系统遭到犯罪入侵后的电子证据取证

电子证据没有传统证据所拥有的永恒性,电子犯罪的调查和起诉,调查人员必须根据在某种交易已经完成后的记录来立案。一旦探测到受到入侵,你有两种选择方案来对付—将系统和网络断开,开始取证,或者仍旧让系统联网,尝试监控入侵者。利用正确的工具,具备所有器件如何工作的知识,就是收集所需证据需要的一切。     

刑事诉讼的程序性制裁

在我国刑事诉讼实务中 ,刑讯逼供、超期羁押、侵犯被追诉方辩护权等违反程序的现象屡禁不止 ,一个重要原因在于我国缺乏严密的程序性制裁机制。制裁是法律的内在构成要素 ,是保障法律实施的必要机制 ,对于实现法的公平与正义具有极其重要的意义。程序性制裁无论是在适用范围、实施机制 ,还是在基本功能方面都是刑事制裁、民事制裁、纪律制裁和国家赔偿所无法替代的。程序性制裁有终止诉讼、撤销原判、排除非法证据、诉讼行为绝对无效、诉讼行为相对无效、从轻量刑等主要方式。完善我国程序性制裁机制需要进行全面的制度改革与程序建构     

庭审证据调查研究

两大法系的审判模式决定了其各自庭审证据调查制度的特色,而传统中国刑事诉讼一直以大陆法系职权主义为模板,因此在保留大陆法系职权主义庭审证据调查制度的基础上适当借鉴英美法系庭审证据调查制度的合理因素,是中国刑事诉讼庭审证据调查制度改革路径的必然选择。具体的改革思路是(:一)贯彻“以听证为主、调查为辅”的原则(;二)在启动机制方面:规定以当事人申请为原则、以职权为例外(;三)对职权调查的限制措施包括:调查的范围、调查的程度以及调查的方式和结果的认证。     

论证据法上的利益衡量原则

利益衡量原则是通过利益最大化而实现实质正义的法律方法原则,一般分为利益调查、利益分析和利益协调等阶段,利益衡量的方法有价值权衡、比例原则、经济分析和参与原则,利益衡量的瑕疵有片面、武断、疏漏、失调等。客观真实的目的追求与其他相关法律或者社会价值的之间的冲突协调是证据法的中轴,而利益衡量是其中最重要的法律方法。非法证据排除、传闻证据排除、自白任意性、证人拒绝作证权、举证责任分配、证明标准的多元化等,都是利益衡量的典型例证。