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141.
How has the US government’s use of counterterrorism sting operations changed over the past quarter-century? Have major terrorist attacks led to more frequent sting operations and/or more frequent entrapment – and if so, have such changes been temporary or long-lasting? Have different types of terrorism provoked different reactions? This study answers these questions using a database of US terrorism prosecutions occurring between 1989 and 2014, each coded for 20 indicators of entrapment. We analyse temporal trends, and in particular, compare the government’s responses to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the 9/11 terror attacks. Results indicate that after the Oklahoma City bombing, the number of sting operations against right-wing extremists doubled, while the average number of entrapment indicators dropped. This suggests that authorities in the 1990s responded to the growing threat of right-wing terrorism appropriately: conducting more investigations while avoiding entrapment. After 9/11, sting operations against suspected jihadi terrorists rapidly increased, but in this case, they featured high numbers of entrapment indicators through the end of the study period, suggesting widespread and persistent entrapment. Reasons for this difference, and for the government’s failure to reduce entrapment in response to widespread criticism over the past decade, are analysed.  相似文献   
142.
    
Brazil has one of the largest public health systems in the world. By applying the Programmatic Action Framework (PAF), this study provides an endogenous explanation for the health reform and brings new lenses to understand one of the most successful cases of social protection expansion. It demonstrates the relevance of a group of professionals who had a common perception of why the policy should change and a coherent policy change program. Cognitive frameworks, organizational resources, and strong professional culture allowed the sanitaristas occupying key positions in the state apparatus, behaving strategically as a collective actor. The evidence provided suggests the approach's relevance to this case due to considerations of political‐institutional specificities. Treating the sanitaristas as a programmatic actor is helpful to explain their role in promoting change and the endurance of the programmatic consensus they have built, which has been crucial to support the universal healthcare model in the country.  相似文献   
143.
    
Contemporary Malaysia is an amalgamation of regions with distinct historical origins and features that provide the raw material for strong regional identities. The Malay‐Muslim nature of the nation‐building project led by the dominant United Malays Nasional Organisation (UMNO) has reified regional identities by sharpening the contrast between them and Malaysia’s political center. Yet while regional identities are often pronounced, Malaysian politics are highly centralized, and neither deep fragmentation along regional lines nor meaningful secessionist movements have materialized. That results from Malaysia’s institutional features and the primacy of highly essentialized, trans‐regional ethno‐religious identities. This article examines the process of regional and ethnic identity formation, which has occurred in an endogenous manner that draws from and reinforces the dominance of UMNO and its political heartland. It argues that the embrace of the ethno‐religious identities has enabled the primacy of Malay‐Muslim considerations in national political discourse and consequently crowded out particularistic regional demands.  相似文献   
144.
An automated process has been developed for the analysis of forensic casework samples using TECAN Genesis RSP 150/8 or Freedom EVO liquid handling workstations equipped exclusively with nondisposable tips. Robot tip cleaning routines have been incorporated strategically within the DNA extraction process as well as at the end of each session. Alternative options were examined for cleaning the tips and different strategies were employed to verify cross-contamination. A 2% sodium hypochlorite wash (1/5th dilution of the 10.8% commercial bleach stock) proved to be the best overall approach for preventing cross-contamination of samples processed using our automated protocol. The bleach wash steps do not adversely impact the short tandem repeat (STR) profiles developed from DNA extracted robotically and allow for major cost savings through the implementation of fixed tips. We have demonstrated that robotic workstations equipped with fixed pipette tips can be used with confidence with properly designed tip washing routines to process casework samples using an adapted magnetic bead extraction protocol.  相似文献   
145.
Das Recht des Angeklagten, an der Verhandlung pers?nlich teilzunehmen, z?hlt zu den Grundelementen des fairen Verfahrens nach Art 6 MRK. Mit diesem Recht kann die Auslieferung zur Vollstreckung eines auf einem Abwesenheitsverfahren beruhenden Urteils im Widerspruch stehen. Nunmehr hat der OGH erstmals hinsichtlich eines solchen Sachverhaltes auf eine Verletzung von Art 6 MRK erkannt und die Auslieferungsbeschlüsse der Untergerichte aufgehoben. Zudem wurden in dieser Entscheidung zum ersten Mal die für die Auslieferung zur Vollstreckung eines Abwesenheitsurteils relevanten Kriterien besprochen. Die Entscheidung verdient uneingeschr?nkte Zustimmung, was im folgenden Beitrag, auch unter Hinweis auf die jüngsten Entwicklungen innerhalb der EU, erl?utert werden soll.  相似文献   
146.
Nachteilen, die dem Angeklagten durch einen "offenkundigen Mangel" der Verteidigung (also durch falsches oder fehlerhaftes Verhalten des Verteidigers, das eine konkrete und wirksame Verteidigung, wie sie mit Blick auf Art 6 Abs 3 lit c MRK erforderlich w?re, nicht mehr gew?hrleistet) entstehen, kann von der Generalprokuratur im Rahmen einer Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde zur Wahrung des Gesetzes begegnet werden.  相似文献   
147.
?ndert eine (hier: gemeinnützige) Bauvereinigung ihre Absicht, Eigentumswohnungen (unter unechter Umsatzsteuerbefreiung) zu verkaufen, so steht ihr ab Vermietungsabsicht (zB ab Abschluss von Nutzungsvertr?gen) der Vorsteuerabzug zu und nicht erst ab der tats?chlichen Erzielung eines Umsatzes durch Vermietung.  相似文献   
148.
    
In 2006, unexpected discoveries of buried World Trade Center (WTC) debris and human remains were made at the World Trade Center mass disaster site. New York City's Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) was given the task of systematically searching the site for any remaining victims' remains. The subsequent OCME assessment and archaeological excavation conducted from 2006 until 2013, resulted in the recovery of over 1,900 victims' remains. In addition, this operation demonstrated the essential skills archaeologists can provide in a mass disaster recovery operation. The OCME excavation data illustrates some of the challenges encountered during the original recovery effort of 2001/2002. It suggests that when understood within the larger site recovery context, certain fundamental components of the original recovery effort, such as operational priorities and activities in effect during the original recovery, directly or indirectly resulted in unsearched deposits that contained human remains.  相似文献   
149.
    
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150.
    
This analysis surveys Al Qaeda's employment of denial and deception (D&D) and shows that it uses D&D on tactical and operational levels in order to achieve strategic results. It defines denial and deception and explains how they relate to Al Qaeda, overviews Al Qaeda's changing network structure and seeks to summarize how Al Qaeda employs D&D throughout its operations. This paper is structured to show that denial and deception are institutionalized factors that manifest themselves through all aspects of bin Laden's organization and that the traditional conception of D&D—that nonstate actors are incapable of employing deception as an element of grand strategy—is incorrect.  相似文献   
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