后9·11时代美国海运安全法的新发展

9.11事件发生后,美国海运安全法进行了全面的革新。针对这次革新,文章分析集装箱安全指导计划、关贸合作反恐计划及新的海上运输安全法的主要内容,论述这些安全措施在施行中的利弊,即这些安全措施虽然在一定程度上改善了美国海运业的安全状况,但也对其他国家的港口和对航运业的流转速度造成一些不利影响,进而提出只有在实践中不断总结和反思才能建立科学完善的海运安全制度。     

The state of public affairs after 11 September

There is a curiously subtle relationship between the public affairs function and the political world which it seeks to influence. A shock to the political system of the magnitude of the attack on the World Trade Center has effects on the practice of public affairs. Some of these impacts are obvious. Others will only become apparent with the passage of time. In its 15 years of existence the European Centre for Public Affairs has sought to be a ‘safe space’ in which the elements of the political world could meet and discuss in an independent manner and with a degree of academic rigour. From the moment of our founding, we rejected the idea of a world divided between government and lobbyists. It has always been our view that journalists and the media, lobbyists, both from civil society and from the corporate sector, and ministers, members of parliament and civil servants all form part of one seamless political world. They have the same fascination with power and with process. They are intimately and umbilically linked. With this holistic view of the political world, it is natural for the ECPA to be interested in assessing the impact of the events of 11 September on the practice of public affairs. Jointly with The Journal of Public Affairs and The Public Affairs Newsletter, we created a seminar at Chatham House on 9th January, 2002 entitled ‘Public Affairs and the World Crisis: What has changed since September 11th?’ Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

Verbücherung einer Grunddienstbarkeit als Zubehör-WE zugunsten des jeweiligen Wohnungseigentümers eines WE-Objekts?

Falls Objekte zubeh?rtauglich sind (hier: 2 in einer Garage befindliche Kfz-Abstellpl?tze nach § 1 Abs 2 WEG 1975), k?nnen sie – die entsprechende Widmung und Erfassung im Rahmen der Nutzwertfestsetzung (hier durch Au?erstreitrichterbeschluss aus dem Jahr 1995) vorausgesetzt – als Grunddienstbarkeit zugunsten des jeweiligen Wohnungseigentümers eines WE-Objekts im Grundbuch einverleibt werden, wodurch die sachenrechtliche Zuordnung zum WE-Objekt erfolgt. Als Rechtsgrund für die Verbücherung des Zubeh?r-WE in Form einer Grunddienstbarkeit scheidet allerdings eine "Amtsbest?tigung" nach § 182 Abs 3 Au?StrG (früher § 178 Au?StrG aF) aus, da hiefür nur zu Lebzeiten des Erblassers bestehende und nicht erst nach seinem Tod zu begründende (beschr?nkte) dingliche Rechte in Frage kommen. Zum grundbücherlichen Zweck der "Amtsbest?tigung". Den Antrag nach § 182 Abs 3 Au?StrG kann nicht der Erbe, sondern nur der Verm?chtnisnehmer mit Zustimmung des/der Erben stellen. An allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft k?nnen entweder alle Wohnungseigentümer gemeinsam oder zumindest mit Zustimmung s?mtlicher Teilhaber zu Gunsten oder zu Lasten der jeweiligen Mindestanteile Grunddienstbarkeiten durch Einverleibung im Grundbuch erwerben. Die Dienstbarkeitsbelastung ist mit dem ausschlie?lichen Nutzungs- und Verfügungsrecht des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers begrenzt.     

DNA Preservation in Skeletal Elements from the World Trade Center Disaster: Recommendations for Mass Fatality Management*,†

Abstract: The World Trade Center (WTC) victim identification effort highlights taphonomic influences on the degradation of DNA from victims of mass fatality incidents. This study uses a subset of the WTC‐Human Remains Database to evaluate differential preservation of DNA by skeletal element. Recovery location, sex, and victim type (civilian, firefighter, or plane passenger) do not appear to influence DNA preservation. Results indicate that more intact elements, as well as elements encased in soft tissue, produced slightly higher identification rates than more fragmented remains. DNA identification rates by element type conform to previous findings, with higher rates generally found in denser, weight‐bearing bones. However, smaller bones including patellae, metatarsals, and foot phalanges yielded rates comparable to both femora and tibiae. These elements can be easily sampled with a disposable scalpel, and thus reduce potential DNA contamination. These findings have implications for DNA sampling guidelines in future mass fatality incidents.     

Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing

Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has settled on a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications. A variety of commercial kits enable robust amplification of these core STR loci. A brief history is presented regarding the selection of core autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The physical location of each STR locus in the human genome is delineated and allele ranges and variants observed in human populations are summarized as are mutation rates observed from parentage testing. Internet resources for additional information on core STR loci are reviewed. Additional topics are also discussed, including potential linkage of STR loci to genetic disease-causing genes, probabilistic predictions of sample ethnicity, and desirable characteristics for additional STR loci that may be added in the future to the current core loci. These core STR loci, which form the basis for DNA databases worldwide, will continue to play an important role in forensic science for many years to come.     

Genetic analysis of 15 STR loci of Chinese Ewenki ethnic population

POPULATION: Almost all the Ewenki are found in HulunBuir Ewenki Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia province of China. Some Ewenki are nomads; others are farmers or farmer-hunters. A small number of them are hunters. Its national characters and languages belong to the Altai phylum.     

A shifting enemy: analysing the BBC’s representations of “al-Qaeda” in the aftermath of the September 11th 2001 attacks

This article seeks to explore how the BBC made sense of the al-Qaeda phenomenon in its flagship “News at Ten” bulletin during the aftermath of the September 11^th 2001 attacks. Using Critical Multimodal Discourse Analysis, it shows how the BBC’s representations function as a dynamic and continually shifting site upon which a range of fears, identities, discourses and forms of knowledge and power struggle and contend, and through which a number of different “al-Qaedas” manifest themselves. In particular, three shifting modes of visual and verbal representation are identified within the BBC’s coverage which each correspond to a separate understanding of al-Qaeda: the “Islamic” mode, the “Personalised” mode and the “Elusive” mode. These representations both draw upon and challenge the dominant discourses surrounding Islam, non-state terrorism and the identities of terrorist suspects, providing audiences with a variety of often conflicting ways of seeing and speaking about this entity. As such, the article provides insight into the complex nature of the BBC’s representations of al-Qaeda during its coverage of the September 11^th 2001 attacks, and shows how such complexity serves, albeit inadvertently, to legitimise the far-reaching counterterrorism policies that were enacted in the aftermath of these attacks.     

Tightened Immigration Policies and the Self‐Employment Dynamics of Mexican Immigrants

As the U.S. government has intensified its crackdown on illegal immigration in recent years, an important question to ask is how undocumented immigrants react to the stricter enforcement of immigration laws. This paper seeks to answer whether they increasingly choose self‐employment in an effort to avoid apprehension and subsequent deportation. To guard against endogeneity bias that might stem from increased enforcement in reaction to illegal immigration, the empirical analysis makes use of the September 11 terror attacks (9/11), which inadvertently triggered stricter immigration enforcement nationwide, as a natural experiment. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach and data from the Current Population Survey between 1996 and 2006, this paper examines the changes in the self‐employment choices of male and non‐citizen Mexican immigrants (a proxy for undocumented immigrants) compared to less‐educated Whites (the control group). The findings indicate that male and non‐citizen Mexican immigrants are substantially more likely (40 percent) to enter into self‐employment than less‐educated Whites after 9/11. The analysis further suggests that this finding is not driven by the 2001 recession that coincided with the terror attacks. The increased entries are mainly observed in the group that is most likely to be in the United States illegally and in those who face strong economic incentives. In addition, increased entries are not driven by increased unemployment among Mexican immigrants after the 9/11 event, but, rather, they reflect a change in the behavior of the unemployed Mexican immigrants, perhaps due to changes in perceived risks of detection and deportation.