NEIGHBORHOOD RACIAL CONTEXT AND PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE‐BASED RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AMONG BLACK YOUTH*

Renewed interest has occurred in the United States around racially biased policing. Unfortunately, little is known about the effects of neighborhood social context on black adolescents' experiences with racially biased policing. In the current study, we examined whether perceptions of racially biased policing against black adolescents are a function of neighborhood racial composition, net of other neighborhood‐ and individual‐level factors. Using two waves of data from 763 black adolescents, we found that black adolescents most frequently are discriminated against by the police in predominantly white neighborhoods. This effect especially is pronounced in white neighborhoods that experienced recent growth in the size of the black population. Our results lend support to the “defended” white neighborhood thesis.     

市场调节与政府管制之联系与互动的思考——解决就业歧视问题中的经济法路径分析

经济法是伴随国家（政府）对社会经济生活适度干预而形成的法律部门。经济法体现着公私法相融合、国家渗透市场等理念,自其诞生之日起,便与国家和市场有着紧密的关系。经济法也正是基于市场失灵与政府缺陷的两重原因,确立了自己调整社会经济关系的逻辑基点和路径选择。现今社会中劳动力市场就业歧视的问题也正体现了市场调节失灵和政府管制缺陷的两难境地。如何反对就业歧视应得到经济法的关注,运用现代经济法的“市场调节（失灵）——政府管制（缺陷）”路径对其进行分析具有十分重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Analyzing the Performance of Risk Assessment Instruments: A Response to Vrieze and Grove (2007)

In a recent article, Vrieze and Grove (Law Hum Behav, doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9092-x , 2007) argue that, because of low recidivism base rates and limited predictive accuracy, an actuarial risk assessment instrument (ARAI) may produce decisions about sex offenders that are worse than simply predicting that no one will commit another sex offense. This article examines: (1) the construction and potential overfitting of ARAIs; (2) the meaning, value, and limitations of ROC areas; and (3) the relationship between the operating point that maximizes an ARAI's correct classifications and the legal criterion-"likely to reoffend"-used for sex offender designations. Contrary to what Vrieze and Grove suggest, ARAIs of modest accuracy yield probabilistic information that is more relevant to legal decision-making than just "betting the base rate."     

Sex trafficking: an exploratory study interviewing traffickers

This paper presents the research methodology of an exploratory study interviewing human traffickers. Utilizing open-ended, semi-structured qualitative interviews with traffickers, exploratory research was conducted in 2003. With an overall goal of understanding the human trafficking phenomenon from the standpoint of those individuals who support, reproduce, and actively work to sustain it, our research questions focused on how traffickers make sense of their position within the illegal market of sex trafficking. Other thematic questions included characteristics and personal dimensions of the traffickers, reasons they entered the business, their perceptions of the business, and their opinions of those they traffic. For the purpose of this paper, we will address the difficulty and simplicity of conducting interviews with human traffickers. Information about the research project in general, methods used, ethical considerations, and thematic scope will also be addressed with a final discussion section highlighting advantages and disadvantages of methods used.

A real-time multiplex SNP melting assay to discriminate individuals

A method that quickly and inexpensively differentiates crime scene samples from multiple donors would expedite casework analysis by allowing the selection of probative items requiring comprehensive testing. This new method need not be perfectly definitive nor give a complete 13 locus short tandem repeat (STR) profile; it simply must be able to differentiate between most victim and suspect samples. We describe the development of multiplex, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to fulfill this need. Dual probes, one fluorescently labeled and the other labeled with a quencher, are monitored during a melt analysis to reveal an increase in fluorescence, which allows the assessment of the two SNP alleles. Two alternate 6-plex assays (with and without gender determination) have been developed for the six-color RG6000 real-time instrument (Corbett Robotics, Inc.) and one seven SNP plus gender assay (performed as two 4-plex assays, one with gender the other without) have been developed for use in four/five color real-time instruments. This technique can discriminate between 95% and 99% of samples from different individuals. This assay is fast (approximately 2 h), much less expensive than STR analysis, and uses a real-time PCR instrument which is found in most forensic and molecular biology labs.     

关于上腭性别差异的研究

利用判别分析的方法,对200例上腭(石膏模型)的11项指标的性别进行性别研究,为用腭判定性别提供了依据,结果发现,有10个指标存在显著意义的性别差异(P<0.05)。应用判别分析方法,获得3个判别函数式,其判别率在64.00%～76.00%,本研究为用腭判定性别提供依据。     

一种用于降解DNA样本的性别鉴定方法

目的　建立一种采用PCR技术对降解DNA样本进行性别鉴定的新方法。　方法　采用针对amelogenin基因X染色体外显子 3bp缺失设计的引物AMELU1及AMELD1,对在室温环境下放置 5～ 15年的男、女血痕标本各 5 0例、毛发各 2 0例、骨骼各 2 0例以及现场提取 5 - - 2 0天的男、女腐败肌肉各 10例标本中提取的降解DNA样本进行扩增。用PAG( 9%T ,3 %C)电泳、银染显带检测扩增产物。　结果　所有样本均得到正确结果 ,男性检材表现为 83bp的Y特异性及 80bp的X特异性 2条谱带 ,而女性检材仅有 1条 80bp的X特异性谱带。　结论　用针对amelogenin基因X染色体外显子 3bp缺失设计的引物AMELU1及AMELD1鉴定性别的方法灵敏、可靠、方便 ,是降解DNA检材性别鉴定十分理想的方法。     

136例听神经瘤性别差异和左右发病情况的中西医结合分析

目的 对听神经瘤的性别差异和左右发病情况进行中西医结合分析。方法 回顾性分析2011年7月至2015年7月收治及手术治疗的听神经瘤患者的临床资料,对比研究男性与女性、男性左右侧、女性左右侧肿瘤性质等相关指标的差异,并基于中医学和西医学理论对听神经瘤发病规律进行分析。结果 男性与女性听神经瘤患者在住院时间、肿瘤大小、肿瘤囊变方面比较,男性左侧与右侧听神经瘤患者在肿瘤囊变、术后感染脑膜炎、术后耳鸣缓解方面比较,以及女性左侧与右侧听神经瘤患者在年龄、住院时间、肿瘤大小、肿瘤囊变、肿瘤全切、术后脑脊液漏、术后面神经完整解剖保留方面比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 男左侧女右侧听神经瘤性质较良好,这与人体中男女、左右的阴阳气血升降差异有关。     

益肾通络汤联合达英-35治疗肾虚血瘀型多囊卵巢综合征临床观察

目的 观察益肾通络汤联合达英-35治疗肾虚血瘀型多囊卵巢综合征（polycysti covary syndrome,PCOS）的临床疗效。方法 将30例肾虚血瘀型PCOS患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各15例,两组均常规给予达英-35治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用益肾通络汤,疗程均为6个月。治疗前后分别检测血清雌二醇（estradiol,E2）、睾酮（testosterone,T）、促黄体生成素（luteinizing hormone,LH）、血清促卵泡素（follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）,以及空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）水平和体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）,观察两组患者证候疗效。结果 治疗组证候疗效明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。益肾通络汤联合达英-35能明显降低LH、T、FSH、FINS、BMI水平,提高E2水平;两组治疗前后T、LH、FSH、E2、FINS、BMI差值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗组改善多毛、痤疮体征的有效率均明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 益肾通络汤联合达英-35能通过调节垂体-卵巢轴相关激素水平,提高临床证候疗效,显著改善PCOS患者BMI、多毛、痤疮的体征,且安全性较好。