Migration diplomacy in the Global South: cooperation,coercion and issue linkage in Gaddafi’s Libya

Despite a recent resurgence in research on the politics of migration, foreign policy analysts have yet to approach cross-border population mobility as a distinct field of inquiry. Particularly within the Global South, scant work has theorised the interplay between migration and interstate bargaining. This article proposes the framework of migration diplomacy to examine how mobility features in states’ issue-linkage strategies, in both cooperative and coercive contexts. Drawing on Arabic, French and English primary sources, it empirically demonstrates the salience of its framework through an analysis of Libya’s migration diplomacy towards its Arab, African and European neighbours under Muammar Gaddafi.     

Sexual violence in armed conflicts: research progress and remaining gaps

Research on conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) has grown rapidly over the last decade. This article consolidates existing social science research on CSRV according to two lines of inquiry: its causes and its consequences. Overall, research has considerably advanced our knowledge of the causes of CRSV, particularly in four aspects: purpose, context, individual motives and intra-group dynamics. However, there is a need to better understand the societal consequences of CRSV, in particular how it affects relations in families, and within and between communities. Overall there remains a shortage of empirical, in particular mixed-method, designs to produce research which is relevant for policymakers and practitioners.     

A Model of Sexual Abuse’s Effects on Suicidal Behavior and Delinquency: The Role of Emotions as Mediating Factors

Drawing on Agnew’s general strain theory, we examined whether depressed mood and anger mediated the effects of sexual abuse on suicidal behavior and delinquency. Participants included 9,113 students attending high schools in Iceland. Structural equation modeling showed that, while controlling for family structure and parental education, being exposed to strain in the form of sexual abuse was positively related to both depressed mood and anger. The effects of sexual abuse on suicidal behavior of both boys and girls were twice as strong through depressed mood as through anger. The effects of sexual abuse on outwardly-directed forms of delinquency for both genders were stronger through anger than through depressed mood. These findings highlight the complex nature of the effects of strain on adolescents’ emotions and behavior. Moreover, they show that depression—in contrast to outwardly-directed delinquency, where feelings of anger are predominantly influential—is more relevant than anger to suicidal behavior.

性犯罪的情景因素及其预防

性犯罪是在任何国家都表现得十分突出的犯罪之一。任何犯罪行为都是具有一定人格缺陷的人在一定的情景因素的作用下实施的。因此 ,通过对性犯罪的情景因素的探索 ,从而制定相应的社会措施 ,减少或消除相应的罪前情景 ,对于性犯罪的预防有重要意义     

Alcohol and drug consumption among sexual offenders

Purpose

To evaluate the role of alcohol and drug consumption between sexual offenders against boys and girls.

Method

It was an observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study carried out by the Ambulatory for the treatment of sexual disorders of ABC Medical College, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil (ABSex). The sample comprised 104 convicts, over 18 years old, sentenced only for sexual crimes against children (below 11 years old). Alcohol and drug consumption, sexual abuse history, sexual impulsivity, and risk of recidivism were evaluated.

Results

The sexual offenders against boys showed higher alcohol consumption problems than sexual offenders against girls (χ² = 19.76, 1 d.f., p < 0.01). The severity of alcohol consumption was also significantly higher in the sexual offenders against non-related boys than in the sexual offenders against non-related girls (p = 0.037, ANOVA). After adjustment for other variables, such as monthly income before the penalty and alcohol consumption at the moment of the crime, the alcohol consumption severity in sexual offenders against boys was significantly higher than in sexual offenders against girls (OR = 1.05, CI 1.01–1.08, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Alcohol use or abuse is associated with the perpetration of sexual aggression. The role of alcohol consumption seems to be greater in sexual offenders against boys than in girls and this can contribute to criminal recidivism.     

性贿赂与性受贿腐败犯罪行为刑事立法问题评析

性贿赂与性受贿腐败问题乃当前贪污贿赂等腐败犯罪中普遍存在的现象。对性贿赂等腐败犯罪现象是否用刑法加以制裁以及如何制裁是当前刑事司法界颇具争议的问题。性行贿与性受贿往往引发极其严重的腐败犯罪,致使国家蒙受极大的经济损失。遏制腐败犯罪现象的蔓延,必须有效打击性贿赂犯罪。我国应尽早研究刑事立法对策。     

‘A Real Woman Waits’ – Heteronormative Respectability,Neo-Liberal Betterment and Echoes of Coloniality in SGBV Programming in Eastern DR Congo

ABSTRACT

Drawing on archival and field research, this article critically examines the production and distribution of gender roles and expectations in SGBV programming, in particular in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We find the underlying currents in some of these programmes reinscribe heteronormativity and focus on individual betterment which resonates with regulating gender and sexuality during colonialism. In some cases, strongly western-inspired norms of individual agency have been introduced, disregarding structural constraints of people’s lives. To conclude, we explore alternative approaches to SGBV prevention, ones in which international approaches are re-defined and vernacularized for local use – but which also at times inform global understandings.     

论抢劫罪与强奸罪客观行为的异同

强劫罪与强奸罪的罪状中都有"以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法 "这一客观行为,但是却存在一些区别,特别是他们在暴力的含义、胁迫的外延、其他方法的内容等方面都存在很大的差别。在两个不同罪中客观行为表述相同时,需要我们结合犯罪所侵害的客体、司法解释、立法解释等等方面探寻立法的原意,加以综合考虑其中的含义。     

Personal History Dynamics of Dating Violence Among Israeli Students

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between dating violence and childhood experiences of aggression. The study specifically examines which of the following four variables is most strongly linked with the probability of partner assault in a current relationship: violence socialization, sexual abuse history, parental neglect, or childhood deviant behavior. Four hundred sixty-five Israeli undergraduate students participated in the study. The revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) was used to measure current violence. Personal history variables were taken from a large-scale questionnaire, the Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP). The results indicate that after controlling for the effect of other historical and demographic variables, the only historical factor which is significantly associated with partner assault is childhood deviant behavior. However, hierarchical regression analysis reveals that childhood deviant behavior is best explained by the three other types of childhood experiences, in addition to gender (male), nationality (non-Jewish) and religiousness (non-religious). We also found that while the probability of violence increases the longer the relationship lasts, it decreases in marital relationships and cohabitation. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

Strategic Terror and Amateur Psychology

Terror is defined as deliberate acts of violence designed to create a psychological effect—terror—with the intention of causing a shift in the target's attitudes and behaviour. A distinction is drawn between tactical terrorism, when such acts are undertaken as part of a multifaceted campaign, and strategic terrorism, where they are undertaken as an independent means of achieving the desired political ends. This follows a familiar distinction in airpower theory. A set of historical examples from both airpower and terrorism, as well as the fictional works of H. G. Wells and Joseph Conrad, is used to demonstrate the reliance on amateur psychology, concerning the likely social responses to forms of attack. This helps explain why strategic terror is rarely successful, though tactical terror can be.