Sex differentials in phthisis mortality in England and Wales, 1861–1870

In the mid-nineteenth century phthisis, or pulmonary tuberculosis, was the single most important cause of death in England and Wales. It was widely distributed geographically though some areas were worse affected than others. This paper explores aspects of the geography of phthisis mortality in England in the second half of the nineteenth century, with particular attention to the sex differential in mortality from this cause. Phthisis is often thought of as a disease of young women, and throughout much of England and Wales, especially in agricultural areas, women aged between 15 and 40 years were especially vulnerable. However the sex ratio of deaths from phthisis varied greatly from place to place and, in some places where phthisis was prevalent, men rather than young women were at the greatest risk of death. Phthisis mortality was sufficiently important that the geography of the overall sex differential in mortality was to a considerable extent determined by the geography of the sex differential in phthisis mortality. Where phthisis mortality disadvantaged females, the overall sex differential between male and female mortality was small or even negative; where phthisis mortality disadvantaged males, the overall sex differential was large. The paper then considers explanations of geographical variations in the sex differential in phthisis mortality. It is not clear that these are best explained by a ‘bargaining-nutrition’ account which holds that young women in poor households were especially vulnerable to mortality from phthisis because their weak intra-household bargaining position compromised their nutritional status. Other factors, such as the return migration to their native areas of out-migrants who became sick with the disease, and working conditions, especially for females, may have been more important. The final part of the paper considers the implications of the results for explanations of the decline of phthisis mortality between 1860 and 1900.     

世界共产党与社会民主党百年关系述要(下)

从源流的角度讲,在19世纪,虽然存在以“社会民主党”和“共产党”命名的政党,但并不存在现代意义上的两党之间的关系。到20世纪初叶,同母同源的社会民主党出现了兄弟阋墙、分道扬镳的局面:其左派改称为“共产党”,即社会民主党共产党化;其右派和中派承袭了社会民主党既有的外壳,内核则渐渐“异化”,并从组织上趋于统一。由此,世界工人运动中形成了共产党人与社会民主党人两分天下、互相对峙的格局;其后,两党虽曾一度有过接触与合作,但最终也未能补“天裂”。这种格局甚至影响到21世纪的今天。     

新世纪的农村社区控制

我国是个农业大国,农村社区的稳定与否是保障我国经济建设能否顺利进行的关键。当前,农村社区正处于经济转轨与社会结构转型交织的历史时期,出现了许多影响稳定的消极性越轨行为,认真研究这些消极性越轨行为的表现、产生的原因及应采取的对策,对保持农村稳定具有非常重要的现实意义。     

21世纪低碳经济发展潮流与道路选择

人类社会正在面临有史以来最严重的气候变化困境。发达国家工业化进程中大量排放的二氧化碳等温室气体,导致全球气候变暖,给社会经济可持续发展带来巨大的负面影响。低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济发展新模式。发展低碳经济、减少二氧化碳排放是应对全球气候变化的有效途径。我国正处于重要的历史发展时期,转变经济发展模式,调整产业结构,优化能源配置,选择低碳经济发展道路,将为我国在全球新一轮经济竞争中赢得发展的先机。     

Defining Asia Capabilities for Australia's Public Service

Twenty‐three years ago, questions posed in this journal asked whether and how the Australian public service was prepared to engage effectively in Asia. More recent meta‐analyses of public policy scholarship suggest that Western policy scholars and administrators continue to pay limited attention to Asian policymaking, despite the rise of Asia in the 21st century. This article contributes a research‐derived Asia capabilities framework for Australia's public service, distilled from a qualitative study with public administration leaders at Commonwealth, state, and local government levels. It taps scholarly literature in ‘cultural intelligence’, global leadership competencies, and training to provide a robust conceptual underpinning for the framework. The framework defines the knowledge, skills, capabilities, and experiences vital for Australia's public service to engage effectively with the region in a rapidly changing policy environment.