Rape victim and perpetrator blame and the Just World hypothesis: The influence of victim gender and age

Abstract

Victims of rape are sometimes blamed for the assaults against them. Research has examined primarily female victims; much less is known about men as victims and whether victim age affects attributions of victim blame. Furthermore, the study investigated the effects of Belief in a Just World (BJW) on blame attributions. Employing a vignette-type experimental study with a 2 (gender of participant)×2 (victim's gender)×2 (victim's age)×2 (participant BJW score) between-subjects design and several measures of blame attributions towards victim and perpetrator as dependent variables, a community sample (n = 164) participated. The main results were as hypothesised, namely that young male victims were attributed more blame, particularly by participants scoring high on BJW. Overall, victim blame level was low and perpetrator blame was high, and BJW was a powerful predictor of blame attributions.     

论公民海洋环境安全权——由渤海湾漏油事故引发的思考

2011年6月发生在我国渤海湾石油钻井平台的满油事故,给公民海洋环境利益造成巨大损害.目前受害公民实现索赔却略显艰难,其根源就在于公民海洋环境安全权的缺失.公民海洋环境安全权作为一种新兴的集合性权利,其产生和发展有着深刻的认识论、经济学和法学基础.该权利与其他公民权利并行不悖,并与其他法律制度相融合.本次渤海湾石油泄漏事故也在一定程度上拷问着公民海洋环境安全权的实践现状.     

Validation study of endogenous reference genes for normalization of quantitative real time PCR data in post mortem skin tissue

Gene expression profiling may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying wound skin repair contributing to applications in the field of post mortem forensic wound age estimation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is the most sensitive technique for gene expression studies but represents a complex procedure with several requirements for accurate data analysis. One of the major pre-requisites is the selection and validation of appropriate endogenous control genes for normalization in a given set of samples. In this study, the gene expression stabilities of ten endogenous controls ACTß, ß2M, PPIA, GAPDH, HPRT1, PGK1, SDHA, TBP, UBC, and YWHAZ were evaluated in two sets of samples: post mortem human wounded and unwounded skin tissue aimed for subsequent wound age estimation studies. The most stable genes were determined by calculating a gene expression normalization factor for each sample based on the geometric mean of the ten selected genes using the reference gene validation software, geNorm. In uninjured skin, the most stable endogenous controls were YWAZ, with the highest stability, followed by PGK1 and GAPDH. In the wounded samples, GAPDH was the most stable gene followed by PGK1, ACTß and HPRT1. Both groups revealed some differences relative to reference gene expression stabilities, nevertheless, PGK1 and GAPDH could serve as two possible common reference genes for qPCR data normalization as both were identified as stable genes in wounded and unwounded skin tissues. The differences of expression stabilities of the reference genes identified in both groups support the need for accurate normalization of gene-expression levels previous to qPCR studies.     

事后抢劫罪若干问题刍议

事后抢劫罪并非一个独立的罪名,而是经法律拟制为抢劫罪。司法解释关于已满14周岁不满16周岁的相对刑事责任年龄的人能否成立事后抢劫罪出现了不一致的规定,立足解释论的立场,“犯盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪”被重新理解,故此承认相对刑事责任年龄的人是本罪的犯罪主体。事后抢劫罪与承继的共犯也是一个疑难问题,事后抢劫罪不是身份犯,后行为人成立共同正犯和共犯的想象竞合。但是,根据正犯优于共犯的法理,以故意伤害罪或者故意杀人罪的共同正犯论定刑事责任。最后,事后抢劫罪存在未遂,盗窃等前提行为相对于事后抢劫罪是一种潜在的实行行为,经由后续暴行、胁迫行为的实施,成为一种显在的实行行为。     

Time-dependent immunohistochemical detection of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in human skin wounds

The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) hold important functions in the early and late courses of inflammation, trauma and wound healing. In the present study, human skin wounds due to sharp force (n=105) were collected during surgery and autopsy. The wound age mainly varied from several minutes to 5 h, some specimens aged up to 6 weeks. Control specimens from uninjured skin were available in each case. After preparation of cryostat sections, immunohistochemistry was performed according to the APAAP technique, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The results were evaluated semiquantitatively. All markers were weakly expressed in normal human skin constitutively. However, the staining pattern changed significantly in vital wounds concerning epidermal layers, subepidermal cells, vessels and sweat glands. IL-1β and IL-6 showed enhanced expression after 15 and 20 min at the earliest (increase of epidermal reactivity). After 30–60 and 60–90 min, respectively, marked expression was observed with these markers. Similar alterations were detectable with TNF-α after 15 and 60–90 min. The reactivity of all three markers persisted over several hours, then decreased to basal levels again and sometimes reappeared after days and in granulation tissue. Leukocytes reacting with IL-1β and IL-6 appeared after approximately 2 h. Conclusion: proinflammatory cytokines can serve as a useful tool for the estimation of vitality and wound age, in particular in the early post-traumatic interval prior to leukocyte reaction. Autolysis did not play a role in the samples investigated (postmortem interval up to 8 days). Problems could sometimes rise from constitutive expression. Therefore, it is recommended to examine control samples from the same individual and to compare the reactivity with wound specimens.     

参考咨询服务在网络信息时代的角色转变

随着以Internet为核心的网络的发展,覆盖天下、网络全球的信息网络环境已初步形成,图书馆正面临着一个日益普及的数字化信息化环境。越来越多的信息资源正被数字化和网络化,越来越多的用户逐步具备了网络使用能力并越来越依靠网络进行信息检索和利用,这为被誉为“图书馆心脏”的参考咨询服务工作带来了新的挑战和发展的机遇。     

摩托车防盗锁致伤分析

使用摩托车防盗锁伤害人身的案件近来较为多见。本文通过对28例摩托车防盗锁致伤的法医学检验资料的分析,仔细询问伤者,确认致伤过程,详细分析其损伤形态及形成机理,以期总结摩托车防盗锁的致伤特点,为通过形态学推断摩托车防盗锁致伤及其过程提供依据。     

人文知识中的"消费时代"及其批判

具有特定含义的“日常生活审美化”是人文知识对“消费时代”的一种文化阐释 ,但当前出现在中国社会的消费文化有其特殊性 ,它由“消费时代”尚未全面来临和消费主义已经形成这两个部分构成。对“消费时代”这一议题的抽象化 ,掩盖了社会不同群体的感受差异性 ,因此应当反省知识分子的批判立场和当前学术话语的生产机制 ,以剖析“日常生活审美化”、“消费时代”与当下中国社会究竟具有怎样的关联。     

Twenty years of homicide and robbery in Chicago: The impact of the city's changing racial and age composition

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrest and offense data for Chicago for 1960 to 1980 and population data from the 1960, 1970, and 1980 censuses are used to assess the extent to which demographic changes help explain trends in the city's homicide and robbery arrests. The results indicate that a changing racial composition contributed to changes in the age composition of Chicago's population as well as to changes in the homicide rate. Age-specific analysis by race and gender suggests that as much as 24% of the total increase in homicide arrests and 45% of the increase in robbery arrests (from 1962 to 1980) can be attributed to an increase in the number of nonwhite men in the population. Increasedrates of arrest of nonwhite men appear to account for large parts of the increases in homicide and robbery arrests, with increased rates for white men and nonwhite women also accounting for some of these increases. The paper closes with a discussion of the issues raised by these trends for Chicago and other urban areas.Revision of a paper presented at the 1984 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Cincinnati.     

中国古代少年司法制度

在“恤刑”原则的指导下,我国古代的某些法律已经规定了对未成年人进行特殊保护的规则。并且,伴随着封建法制的不断完善,对未成年人保护的内涵也不断丰富,封建立法者对保护原则的贯彻也更加深入和全面。虽然最终也未能形成一套完整的司法体系,但有些规定对现代社会仍有借鉴意义。