Prosecuting 'child pornography': Possession and taking of indecent photographs of children

This article examines the application of 'child pornography' law by police, prosecutors and the courts and presents the key findings from the first national study conducted into child pornography trials in the Crown Court in England and Wales against a wider statistical analysis of proceedings for possession of 'child pornography' in the Magistrates' Court. The findings show that there are very few prosecutions in the Crown Court and, of defendants proceeded against, most are involved in the taking of photographs rather than in distribution or possession per se . Notwithstanding, few of these defendants are charged with any additional sexual offence, although in the act of taking an indecent photograph of a child some further offence(s) must inevitably be committed. The findings suggest a relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse. Defendants engage in disavowal and minimizing strategies, while judges also fail to recognize the dangerousness of those defendants convicted of possession or distribution. Sentencing continues to reflect the view that such child pornographers are benign and prison terms remain at the lower end of the tariff range.     

Barriers in Screening Women for Domestic Violence: A Survey of Social Workers, Family Practitioners, and Obstetrician–Gynecologists

Domestic violence (DV) is a pervasive and serious threat to women's lives and well-being. Medical social workers, family practitioners, and obstetrician–gynecologists are in key positions to screen and offer help. Florida NASW members and board certified family practitioners and obstetrician–gynecologists were mailed a psychometrically tested scale. A total of 388 surveys were analyzed. Education (especially the number of in-service hours) and the presence of institutional supports, decreased barriers to screening, increased screening behaviors, and lead to increased victim identification. Only 20.8% of participants always or nearly always routinely screened for DV; 24.0% reported that routine screening did not apply to their role. Self-Efficacy was the strongest predictor of screening behavior with Fear of Offending, Safety Concerns, CEUs/CMEs, and in-service hours contributing approximately equally to the prediction of screening behavior.     

外嵌式研究在素质建设工程中的应用

“外嵌式研究”是指研究主体与实施主体分离、且研究工作后于实施工作的研究活动。分析外嵌式研究的基本工作程序包括四个步骤：发现问题，提出质疑；明确目的，提出思路；设计流程，反复论证；培训人员，指导工作。     

失败的国家建设方针——肯尼迪政府与越战初期的南越“战略村计划”(1961-1963)

肯尼迪执政时期,随着冷战战场向第三世界的转移,美国政府越来越致力于通过"国家建设"(Nation Building)①方针应对欠发达国家不断出现的"叛乱"问题,意图通过引导落后地区以发展现代化来消除共产主义"滋生的根源"。越南战争时期南越的"战略村计划"是肯尼迪政府在第三世界展开的第一次完全意义上的"国家建设"行动。本文旨在通过对"战略村计划"从出台到实施再到失败这一过程的历史考察,分析肯尼迪政府对第三世界的"国家建设"方针存在的两点困境:一个是美国自身在"国家建设"中的定位问题,一个是文化冲突问题。     

加强外警交流资料翻译研究和管理的必要性

云南警官学院在外警培训工作中积累了较为丰富的经验并取得了一定的成绩。随着学院的深入发展，为了更好地完成外警培训工作，必然得在教学和研究方面下工夫，特别需要加强国外交流资料的翻译、研究和管理工作。     

东南亚国家核能发展战略与新动向分析

随着国际油价不断上涨以及能源需求的日渐扩大,东南亚国家将目光转向了核能,泰国、印尼、越南、马来西亚、菲律宾、缅甸甚至柬埔寨等国都相继提出了核能发展战略,并计划于2015年建成东南亚第一座核电站。但这些国家对核能的监管等能力受到东盟内外的质疑,尤其是日本福岛核电站危机后,东盟国家的核能开发战略以及与此相关的环境安全等问题引起全球的关注。东盟国家的核能开发战略可能放缓,但这些国家的核能开发计划不会完全停止。     

论西部开发中的民族法制建设

民族地区法制建设是我国法治现代化进程中既现实又迫切的重大理论与实践问题 ,西部大开发与民族地区及其民族法制建设交织包容 ,共同构成了我国西部大开发中不可或缺的重要组成部分。我国民族地区法制建设所走过的独特发展道路 ,我国法制建设中民族法制的地位、指导思想、基本原则、具体法律制度等 ,需要在西部开发中进行新的构建。     

Building a Business Program in Romania: Creating and Sustaining Change

Abstract

This article deals with initiating and implementing change in a Romanian university and the problems with attempting to sustain and maintain the change initiatives. An American university received funding by the US government to assist with developing an industrial business management program at a Romanian university during the 1990s. Nine important program initiatives were proposed and attempted, resulting in changes to the established way of doing things in the Romanian university. Five of the nine initiatives were not sustained. The explanation presented in this article emphasizes that the change leadership must be sensitive and aware of the cultural and psychological factors. The explanation for the success and failures of the change initiatives is developed by examining the American partner understanding of leadership to promote participation and involvement with the Romanian partner. Many of the change initiatives were pushed on the Romanian partner, thus failing to gain commitment and acceptance of the change initiatives. When the American support ceased to support the change efforts, the Romanian partner continued the change efforts, but within the old cultural values system that they understood and could operate with. The conclusion explains the failures in that the Americans pushed too fast without the participation and involvement of the Romanians, thus not gaining any commitment and acceptance for the new change initiatives.     

城市青年择偶方式:未婚到已婚的变化及相关因素分析

研究表明,未婚青年择偶方式与已婚青年择偶方式存在明显差别。原来的同学是未婚青年择偶中最主要的结识方式,但这种同学关系最终能走进婚姻的不到其比例的一半。同时,尽管自己结识是青年择偶方式的主流,但由他人介绍结识的方式在已婚青年择偶中已占到40%,具有十分重要的地位。对已婚青年调查结果的分析还表明,青年的结婚年龄、文化程度、职业以及城乡背景等因素,都与青年择偶方式有一定关系。     

印度尼西亚国内移民计划浅析(1905～2000年)

众所周知,印度尼西亚长期以来一直面临着人口分布极不均衡的问题,这极大地影响了印尼资源的开发与经济的发展。早在荷兰殖民统治时期,荷兰殖民者就开始有计划地将爪哇与马都拉人等地区的人口向人口稀少的边远地区迁移。在独立后,印尼政府继续推行国内移民计划,该计划在一定程度上解决了印尼的人口问题,但也给外岛地区带来相当大的负面影响,因此,2000年印尼政府正式终止大规模的国内移民计划,以本地移民计划取而代之。