法治和法治国--构建和谐社会的法理学思考

构建和谐社会是对我国传统"礼"的规范与"和"的精神的复古情怀和批判的继承.在分析了法治的内涵和中西方、英美法系和大陆法系不同的法治观念的基础上,我们认为,构建和谐社会在当代我国的社会主义建设过程中必须按照法治社会和法治国家的理路进行,这样才能使社会的建构、制度的改革朝着现代法治和民主的方向前进.     

地方保护主义对中央与地方关系格局的影响

中国改革开放以来地方保护主义产生的原因主要有 :地方分权 ;扭曲的市场和价格体系造成的市场割据 ;不公平竞争强化了“诸侯经济”。对此 ,中央政府采取了一些必要的应对措施 ,如实行分税制 ,推行全方位发展战略等。经济的高速发展离不开地方政府积极的经济行为 ,关键是如何强化这种正面影响 ,削弱负面影响。问题的解决最终要靠制度改革。     

The five shades of grey: party systems and authoritarian institutions in post-Soviet Central Asian states

ABSTRACT

This article overviews and seeks to explain the processes of party system formation in the post-Soviet Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) by focusing on a crucial party-system property, fragmentation. The analysis reveals that to a much greater extent than in democracies, where party systems are largely shaped by societal factors, the level of party system fragmentation in autocracies is determined by the scope of presidential powers, as entrenched in the formal institutional order and reflected in the national constitution. The level of authoritarianism is largely inconsequential for party system fragmentation, while the role of electoral rules is secondary. Institutionally weak and institutionally strong autocratic presidents have a preference for fragmented party systems, while presidents with an intermediate range of powers seek and obtain low levels of party system fragmentation.     

Governance and order-making in Central Asia: from illiberalism to post-liberalism?

ABSTRACT

This forum brings together five different angles on the question as to whether and how political regimes and forms of order-making can and should be researched through the concept of ‘illiberalism’. The discussion engages critically with this and associated concepts, such as ‘illiberal peace’ and ‘authoritarian conflict management’, which have been developed out of the Central Asian / Eurasian context and discussed in their wider global ramifications and, within the framing of ‘illiberal peace’, explored in various contexts in and beyond Central Asia. While further assessing the relevance and implications of this approach, this forum also attempts to think beyond ‘illiberalism’ by introducing and discussing the idea of ‘post-liberalism’. This way, the authors engage in an exchange that serves to probe both concepts and to determine their strengths and limitations when it comes to analysing and understanding politics and societal processes in Central Asia.     

国家自卫权的实施与打击国际恐怖主义

国家自卫权的实施限制是:受到武装攻击;自卫应在安理会采取必要办法之前;向安理会报告实施的自卫措施并在安理会的监督下进行。此外,国家自卫权的实施必须符合国际法已确立的"必要"和"相称"的原则。在反恐实践中,受害国已经成为武力攻击的主体;武力攻击主体和自卫对象出现不一致;实施国家自卫权的地域延展;实施国家自卫权的时间已经不限于武力攻击的当时或较短暂的准备期之后;国家自卫权的实施主体更加复杂,强度超过必要、合理和不过分的要求。打击恐怖主义是国际社会的一项长期而艰巨的任务;国家自卫权只是合法使用武力的一种例外情况;在未来的国际法发展中,对国家自卫权的实施仍应予以严格的限制。     

试论俄罗斯不批准《京都议定书》的原因和法律后果——以《气候变化框架公约》第九次缔约方会议为例

在<气候变化框架公约>第九次缔约方会议上,由于俄罗斯仍然拒绝批准<京都议定书>,致使议定书仍不能生效.俄罗斯拒绝批准议定书的主要原因是本国的"经济效益"重于温室效应.虽然俄罗斯不批准议定书的行为,未构成国际不当行为,从而无须承担国际责任,但该行为在很大程度上与国际法的诚意原则的基本精神相抵触,是国际社会所公认的国际背信行为.     

中国国家利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益的重合与排异——兼论中国外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用

国际恐怖主义与国际反恐斗争引起国际关系的急剧变化和大国关系的调整.大国关系的调整及缓和源于大国安全观念的变化.尽管中国国家安全利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益之间存在一些分歧,但也有较多利益交汇与重合.这为中国外交提供了更为广阔的活动空间,也为中国积累了新的外交资源.中国可着力于外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用,扩大"两个利益"间的共同点,同时,缩小并弥合分歧,从根本上维护中国国家安全利益.     

The Role of EU Internal Policies in Implementing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options to Achieve Kyoto Targets

This paper reviews the role of internal European Union (EU) policies and measures in implementing the target for greenhouse gas mitigation in the Kyoto Protocol. It starts with a discussion of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement, which distributes the target between Member States. This leads to a review of the appropriate level of implementation of policies, i.e. at the EU level or Member State level. There is a role for the flexible mechanisms of the Protocol, particularly emission permit trading, in complementing Member State policies at the EU level. The implementation is to be done against the background of three major factors which may have an important bearing on the policies: the probable long-term requirement of substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions a changing structure of energy markets, following liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets EU enlargement to include economies in transition with the potential for further substantial reductions in emissions.The paper concludes with a discussion of ancillary benefits of the policies that may be substantial and a summary of the position as regards the "unfinished business" of the Protocol to be discussed at the Conference of the Parties in the Hague in November 2000.     

潮流与现实悖反：我国机关法人之定位与重构

虽然国内外主流公私法理论基本认可国家主体性二元结构理论，大陆法传统更是认可国家的法人地位而否定国家机关的法人资格，并在立法上形成了公共机构非法人化的事实，但我国受前苏联国家特殊民事主体理论和国家机关法人理论影响，从20世纪50年代开始，就在立法和理论上认可了国家机关的法人地位并延续至今。我国这种国家机关全面法人化的立法事实不仅与世界范围内存在的非法人化潮流形成逆反，造成公法人向私法的遁入，而且与我国司法实践中普遍存在的国家机关的非法人化形成悖反，使机关法人的独立责任在相当程度上成为虚名。因此，在界分公法与私法的基础上，将国家机关的行为主要限定在公法领域，从而在私法领域中原则上否定其独立法人地位，只令其具有辅助国家私法人格与公共职能实现之作用，只有为实现公共利益与公共职能之必要时，例外地承认其独立法人地位。     

贯彻落实十七届三中全会精神 推进铜仁地区农村改革发展

党的十七届三中全会,对我国农村改革发展做出了新的部署。我们应乘势而上,认真贯彻落实党的十七届三中全会精神,推进铜仁地区农村改革发展。