Political and social networks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan: ‘clan’, region and beyond

A major debate among scholars studying Central Asian societies concerns the structure of social and political networks in the region. Still unresolved is the issue of whether to define such networks in terms of ‘clans’, ‘regionalism’, or personal networks. This article, based on data collected during fieldwork in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, attempts to understand these social and political networks. It suggests that networks are very complex. The networks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan draw on various loyalties including ties of family, friendship, work, education, and patron-client relationships. They are neither purely regional nor purely clan-based. Personal networks, factions, and self-interest play important roles. At the elite level, networks more closely resemble patron-client networks, which may or may not include regional or kinship ties. Among ordinary people, such ties tend to be based on localism, kinship, and/or patronage relationships.     

完善国家侵权精神赔偿制度之探讨

现行《国家赔偿法》中国家侵权精神赔偿的范围过窄、赔偿方式不灵活，赔偿标准不明确。在赔偿范围中应纳入非刑事司法侵权行为和公有公共设施致害导致的精神损害。在精神损害轻微的情形下应采用非金钱赔偿，适用抚慰性标准；在造成严重精神损害的情形下应采用非金钱和金钱双重赔偿，金钱赔偿适用惩罚性标准。     

推进农村改革发展的行动纲领——谈十七届三中全会的重大意义

党的十七届三中全会作出的《关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》,深刻总结了改革开放以来农村改革发展的宝贵经验,科学判断了农村改革发展的历史方位,科学勾勒了新一轮农村改革发展的新路径,是推进新一轮农村改革发展的行动纲领。     

坚持出入境边防检查工作基本原则正确处理三方面关系

出入境边防检查工作的中央事权性、涉外性、公安性,决定了出入境边防检查工作的基本原则是依法行政,维护国家主权、安全和利益,方便出入境往来.实际工作中,出入境边防检查机关应正确处理好把关与通关的关系,有理、有利、有节的关系,内事与外事的关系.     

修改国家赔偿法应做到“与时俱进”

我国国家赔偿法的修改应与时俱进,应扩大赔偿范围,提高赔偿的标准,建立赔偿义务机关与赔偿金支付机关分离的制度,并解决国家赔偿确认难的问题。     

美国行政法法官集中使用制度研究

行政法法官是美国行政法中颇具特色的制度,上世纪40年代,加州试验将部分行政法法官集中合署办公,由此掀开地方行政法法官集中使用制度的序幕。行政法法官集中使用制度的理论、地方实践、成功经验和推行行政法法官集中使用制度的前景,对行政法法官制度乃至美国行政法的这一新发展更深入地了解,对完善我国有关行政法律制度将会有所借鉴和帮助。     

为境外窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报罪构成要件研究

为境外窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报罪的犯罪客体为国家安全和利益及国家秘密、情报管理秩序，前者为主要客体，后者为次要客体；犯罪客观方面为为境外机构、组织、人员窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报；犯罪主体为一般主体；犯罪主观方面为直接故意。     

The effect of ECB communication on interest rates: An assessment

This paper reviews the literature on the communication policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) addressing two questions. First, to what extent has ECB communication affected interest rates? Second, to what extent has ECB communication affected the predictability of the ECB’s interest rate decisions? On the basis of a survey of empirical studies, it is concluded that various forms of ECB communication lead to more volatility. However, studies focusing on volatility cannot assess whether markets moved in the intended direction. To analyze whether this is the case, researchers have coded ECB communications. Studies using this approach yield evidence that communications generally move financial markets in the intended direction. There is also substantive evidence that ECB communications increase the predictability of interest decisions by the ECB Governing Council. Finally, the consequences of the fact that ECB officials often gave contrasting signals to market participants are analyzed. New evidence suggests that inconsistent communication causes agents to make less accurate predictions. The policy implication is that central bankers should take care that their statements are consistent.     

当代国家治理模式的变革及其启示——对福利国家、发展型国家和转型国家当代发展的考察

20世纪80年代以来,全球化和新自由主义的兴起对国际政治经济环境产生了深远的影响,引发了有关国家和政府能力的激烈讨论。从发达资本主义国家福利改革、东亚政府主导型经济的衰退到苏东地区社会主义制度的垮台,全球范围内的国家治理模式发生了广泛而深刻的变革,国家解决国内问题的能力受到限制,国家和社会关系的平衡向着有利于市场和私有权力的方向转变。然而这些变迁也表明,并不是所有的制度都趋向"正统"的自由市场经济模式,相反,制度变迁表现出多元化的特征,与此同时,全球化也为国家和政府能力的增长提供了新的空间,战后以来的国家治理模式正在经历新的调整和重组。     

侦查环节刑事被害人国家补偿制度刍议

在侦查阶段，由于公安机关未破获案件或做出撤销案件决定，导致刑事诉讼中断，从而使犯罪被害人无法通过正常诉讼途径获得赔偿而身陷绝境，因此在侦查环节亟需建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度。建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度有其理论基础和必要性。当前，我国在侦查环节建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度必须以公安机关撤销案件或在法定期限内未侦破案件为前提，从补偿对象、补偿条件、补偿金额及其来源、补偿机构与补偿程序、国家追偿等方面予以规范。