Identifying risks for male street gang affiliation: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

Gang violence has increased in recent years. Individuals appear to be joining gangs at younger ages, and many have suffered historic maltreatment. Subsequent exposure to violence can result in profound consequences, including acute psychological harm. This review aims to identify predictive risk factors for male street gang affiliation. A systematic literature search was conducted utilising PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Social Policy and Practice databases (from the databases’ inception to 3 April 2015). From this search, n = 244 peer-reviewed papers were included in an initial scoping review, and n = 102 thereafter met criteria for a systematic review; a narrative synthesis follows. Gang members have typically faced numerous historic adversities across multiple domains; individual, family, peers, school and community. Cumulative factors generated an independent risk. The meta-narrative described an overarching failure to safeguard vulnerable individuals, with the motivation for gang affiliation hypothetically arising from an attempt to have their basic needs met. Clinical and research recommendations were made to inform early intervention policy and practice.     

视频监控系统在街面犯罪侦查中的应用

近年来,街面犯罪呈现出许多新特点,案件总量不断攀升,如何及时有效地侦破街面犯罪案件,已成为公安机关面临的一项重大课题。合理安装、维护、使用视频监控系统,并将其与其他常规措施、手段相结合,视频监控将在街面犯罪侦查中发挥不可替代的作用。从国内外实践状况和发展趋势看,视频监控系统在街面犯罪侦查实践中的应用成效显著。     

End Matter

One of the most intriguing, yet forgotten, terrorist groups in history is the Galleanists, an innovative group of militant Italian anarchists active in the United States during the early part of the twentieth century. They introduced tactics and strategies that are widely used today in the world of terrorism. This article examines the rise and fall of the group, and discusses how America's experience with it holds many lessons for understanding today's global terrorist threat.     

Gangs and governance in Russia: the paradox of law and lawlessness

ABSTRACT

The paper addresses the nature of gang governance. It questions the notion that gangs regulate social and economic transactions and create stable orders in certain territories. It shows that, while presenting themselves as upholders of the ‘law’ in their territory, the gangs also create a climate of uncertainty and fear. The gangs manipulate their own unwritten rules and set up traps for residents and businessmen. These traps are designed to deprive non-gang civilians of presumed rights and identities and extort their money. The paper uses Schmitt’s notion of ‘state of exception’ and Agamben’s idea of ‘bare life’ to explain how gangs function.     

浙江省水域城镇文化遗产保护与传承——京杭大运河杭州段两个历史街区比较研究

文中的小河直街、拱宸桥西历史街区是京杭大运河杭州段仅存的两处依河而兴．有着悠久历史文化的街区。杭州快速的城市化进程对历史街区产生了一定的影响,传统的街巷、建筑和景观随之变迁。如何在保护历史街区、继承文化遗产的同时提升当地居民的生活品质,是一项亟待解决的课题。借运河申遗、旅游开发契机,在两处历史街区保护规划的基础上．本文对两者在保护和发展上进行了比较,发掘其中的共性和个性,所提出的对策对同类历史街区的保护与更新将起到良好的借鉴作用。     

Do street traders have the ‘right to the city’? The politics of street trader organisations in inner city Johannesburg,post-Operation Clean Sweep

Street trader organisations are paradoxical objects of study. Their claims resist being analysed through the ‘right to the city’ lens, so contested are rights to inner city spaces between multiple users, not all of them in dominant socioeconomic positions; and so ambiguous is the figure of the street trader, oppressed but also appropriating public space for profit, increasingly claiming, in neoliberalising cities, an entrepreneurial identity. In the aftermath of the 2013 ‘Operation Clean Sweep’ (in which the City of Johannesburg unsuccessfully attempted to evict street traders from its inner city), this paper unpacks the politics of street trader organisations: how they organise their constituencies, frame their claims, forge unlikely alliances and enter into disempowering conflicts in engagements with a divisive municipality.     

The first and last signs of Main Street: semiosis and modality in California and Hong Kong Disneylands

Main Street is an indelible image in the American consciousness made hyperreal at Disneyland California in 1955. For subsequent parks in Tokyo and Paris, Disney recontextualized Main Street, but Hong Kong Disneyland’s version was formed as a copy of the California original. This copy demonstrates that transference of a structural form to a new cultural context is not a guarantee of the concomitant transmission of the originating culture’s sensory modality. The arising dissonant tension between the form (signifier) and substance (signified) of Hong Kong’s Main Street has led to its ongoing semiosis due to local cultural and corporate pressures. This paper presents a framework to analyze this dissonance and semiosis through comparison of external and internal photographs of the same eight landmarks at both parks. The problem of transferring meaning into a new cultural context for an international sign suggests Hong Kong’s Main Street could be the last that Disney constructs.     

有益的探索 “三赢”的合作——地区侦防巡责任捆绑、诸警联动的思考与实践

公安派出所、责任区刑侦队和交巡警中队是对地区(街面)负有治安管理责任的基层作战单位,三者有机组合,建立起责任捆绑、诸警联动的运作机制,以增强对辖区的治安管理能力。实践证明这个方向是正确的,这条路是走对的。我们应以地区侦防巡责任捆绑、诸警联动机制为基础,尽快建立点、线、面、块有机结合的街面治安动态管理勤务运作机制,以进一步提高公安机关控制和驾驭社会治安局势的能力。     

Computer based testing – Bolls v. W. Scott Street,Sec'y of Va. Bd. of Bar Exmnrs., August 11, 2009, case no. 090915

The most significant change to law licensing in the United States is the recent¹ reliance on computer-based testing for the bar exam in all of the fifty states. The following comment piece is meant to inform the computer and technology law community how the use of testing software must necessarily be accompanied by additional procedural protections and corrective processes that may not have existed previously. Chief among these is the availability of discovery of the item in question, namely in this case the essays in a computer-based bar exam, which constitutes evidence that is essential to vindicating one's rights when a software failure occurs.