“卡迪”模式与刑事公正司法的实现

从“有法必依”到“公正司法”喻示着一种刑事司法观的应然转变:放松了司法者对法律文本本身严格服从的要求,更加强调文本之外的个案公正、合情理等实质合理性依据。这对破解当下具有普遍性的法条主义裁判思维,无疑是一种很好的政策支持和启发。按照罪刑法定原则本意进行合乎逻辑的推演,绝不能推导出“法有明文规定即可定罪处罚”的结论。韦伯关于中国古代司法系“卡迪”模式(即“非理性”)的论断具有一定的事实依据及合理性,这种卡迪模式对实质公正的追求具有目的正当性,不宜将此简单视为“恣意司法”的代名词,其中体现的能动性判断具有司法出罪维度的意义。在目前刑法体系下,法的公正价值与法的安定性并不存在冲突,出罪的理论依据与规范依据完全可以得到恰当融合,但在法适用中需要缓和法的命令性要求。恰当的说理论证是嫁接法的安定性与个案公正的纽带,该过程实际上是将合情理、合目的等价值考量揉入刑法文本的理解、适用及说理论证过程当中。     

Exploring the Impacts of Racial Disparity Within the American Juvenile Justice System

The racial disparity in the American juvenile justice system impacts the lives of many youth of color. Youth of color constitute 34% of the U.S. population, however, they make up 62% of the youth charged in the juvenile justice system. The cycle of racial inequality and imprisonment are factors influenced by residential segregation and policing practices. Juvenile justice involvement leads to poorer physical and mental health in youth, stymied social outcomes, poorer familial relationships, decreased graduation and employment rates, increased rates in violence, and long-term negative future outcomes. The article advocates for mental health treatment and family services to be incorporated within incarcerated settings. Clinical strategies and future direction are discussed to begin to combat these various adverse impacts.     

制度公正——构建社会主义和谐社会的基石

构建社会主义和谐社会已成为全党全社会的共识,以制度公正来促进和保障和谐社会的建设,是我们构建社会主义和谐社会最具根本性的路径选择.制度公正是剖析社会问题的理论利器,和谐的制度必然蕴涵公正的伦理诉求,只有加快公正制度的建设,才能为和谐社会的构建奠定牢不可破的基石.     

矛盾的统一体——美国的两大犯罪统计项目之比较

由美国司法部管理的全国两大犯罪统计项目——“统一犯罪报告”项目、“全国犯罪被害调查”项目已经成为政策决策部门、管理部门、犯罪学研究者乃至普通民众了解美国犯罪水平和趋势的最重要数据来源。两大项目分别从执法部门和犯罪被害人的角度收集美国犯罪问题的实证敷据资料，提供了许多富有实践价值和学术价值的成果。但是两者在项目目标、统计方法、对犯罪问题的覆盖程度等诸多方面有所差异，因而产生了似乎矛盾的结果。把“统一犯罪报告”项目、“全国犯罪被害调查”项目进行比较研究,研究结果表明这两个项目既有广泛联系、又存在重大区别,是一个矛盾的统一体。     

A Political Economy Perspective of Judicial Review in the European Union: Judicial Appointments Rule, Accessibility and Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice

The paper examines the benefits the sovereign member states of the EU expect to derive by granting the European Court of Justice the power to review the collective policy making decisions of the EU legislative bodies. Using the methodology of constitutional political economy it investigates the one-country one-judge rule of judicial appointments in the ECJ, the restrictions imposed on litigants to access the ECJ and the limits on the jurisdiction of the ECJ to review EU legislation. It also analyses how the presence of judicial review affects the size of the policy measures taken by the policy makers.     

两种正义观与两种立法精神——从西塞罗谈起

在人类生活与历史中体现出来的正义是绝对而永恒的,还是只是相对而临时的?这个问题的分歧导致了两种正义观。永恒正义观把正义法则看作是人-神或天-人共有的法则,因而不只是"人法",同时也是"天理"与"神律",它不仅涉及人世间的利益关系,而且涉及人-神(天-人)之间的神圣关系;而相对正义观则把正义法则仅仅看作人世间的利益关系的法则,只涉及利益关系,因而正义法则只是世间的人法,而不具有任何神圣性。两种正义观产生两种立法精神:有超越维度的立法精神与没有超越维度的立法精神。对理性的自由的觉悟,是认识正义法则绝对性与立法精神超越性的一个根本性进步。     

Identifying Miscarriages of Justice: Why Innocence in the UK is Not the Answer

This article examines two contrasting proposals for the reform of criminal appeals: the government's recent proposal that the guilty should no longer have their convictions quashed on 'technicalities'; and calls by campaigners for the Court of Appeal to consider innocence rather than the 'safety of the conviction,' together with their associated attempts to establish Innocence Projects in the UK. Despite the rhetorical power of 'innocence' as a campaigning tool, it is contended that to import such a standard into the legal system would be retrogressive and counter-productive, both as a safeguard against wrongful convictions and in protecting the integrity of the system. In order to be meaningful, due process protections must apply to all. The government's proposals attack this principle directly; innocence campaigners risk unwittingly assisting their endeavours.     

转型期我国公共政策的价值取向论析

公共政策的价值取向问题是公共政策分析的基础理论问题。基于政策的公共性指向、市场经济体制业已初步确立及渐进改革累积的大量社会问题,转轨时期的公共政策的价值观应以社会公平为第一要义,以“公平基础上的效率”替代“效率基础上的公平,”塑造和维护社会公平,为社会和谐有序发展奠定基础。     

国际组织的隐含权力及其限制

常设国际法院和国际法院在对国际组织章程解释的实践中，发展出了国际组织具有隐含权力这样的理论。这一理论极大地促进了国际组织和国际组织法的发展。国际法院则在进一步的实践中，指出了隐含权力理论适用的限制。这有利于保持国际法体系特别是联合国体系的统一性和有效性。