Breaking the Silence: Gender Mainstreaming and the Composition of the European Court of Justice

Why has it taken so long for member states to appoint women to the Court of Justice? Despite having won relatively significant policy instruments for equal treatment at work and high levels of legislative representation, women in the European Union have been slow to extend the demand for gender mainstreaming to courts. Prior to 1999, the Court of Justice had had one woman member until Ireland appointed Fidelma Macken in late 1999, and Germany appointed Ninon Colneric and Austria appointed Christine Stix-Hackl Advocate General in 2000.The 1995 U.N. meeting in Beijing was a catalyst for the demand for balanced participation of women and men in decision-making processes within the E.U., and it coincided with Sweden, Finland and Austria joining and championing the cause of gender equality. In 1999, the Commission published a report on women in the judiciary and women lawyers began to organize across Europe. After tracing the appointment process, I review the European Parliament's role in championing women on the Court and consider recent developments. Courts, particularly supranational and federal courts, are representative institutions even if their representative function differs from legislatures. Non-merit factors have always been a factor in judicial appointments and thus the demand for women on the bench is not a terrible deviation from merit. An all male bench is no longer legitimate. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

儒家经典的价值挖掘与诠释转型——论《论语》在当代和谐社会建设中的参照意义

孔子和《论语》在全世界都有巨大影响。"和为贵"、"和而不同"的当代诠释,能够在化解单极世界、消除"中国威胁论"方面发挥一定的作用。《论语》"罕言"利,但并非不言或否定利,只是强调一切之利皆当"义之与比",追求以正当合义的行为获得财富、摆脱贫贱。《论语》"叩其两端"、重视德治教化的方法和思想,为构建当代先进的道德文化而"化成天下"提供了方法论的启示和价值观的参照。中国思想史的发展,某种程度上就是以不断地对元典进行重新诠释的形式展开的,当代的《论语》诠释也必须与时俱进,作出符合时代发展的诠释转型,为当代社会发展注入源头活水。     

无话可说与有话可说之间——评张伟仁先生的《中国传统的司法和法学》

有人认为中国传统司法是“卡迪司法”,台湾的张伟仁教授认为韦伯关于“卡迪司法”的命题并无确据,中国传统司法不属于“卡迪司法”的类型。本文认为“卡迪司法”的命题成立,中国传统司法基本上属于“卡迪司法”。如何评价中国传统的司法制度与观念,涉及如何把握法律的中西古今之维问题,也涉及当代中国法治的基本方向问题。当代中国法治应划分为三个维度,民生、民权和民心,它们分别与经济系统、政治领域和中国文化相对应,前两者是古今问题,重在现代的制度建构;后者主要是中西问题,重在复兴具有普遍价值的中国传统文化。现代的市场经济、民主宪政以及中国传统文化的三驾马车齐头并进将是中国法治现代化乃至整个现代化的必由之路。     

《行政强制法》（草案）执行模式之质疑——兼论我国行政强制执行体制重构之必要

司法主导型的行政强制执行模式,在目前的具体的而不是抽象的国情下,既不符合公正逻辑,也不符合强力诉求的最佳选择,更不能体现"无执行"的崇高境界追求,可能会造成司法和行政的两败俱伤,当改之。在价值定位方面,行政决定程序的价值在于公正与效率的并重,行政执行的价值当在于效率,司法审查的价值当在于公正。而不是不加区分的一概谈公正。我国在可预测的将来实行以下模式更为符合国情,以求"无执行"之效果:行政机关强制执行 行政、刑事处罚模式。     

The European Union in Sudan: A Missed Opportunity?

Abstract

International organisations active in Africa are often criticised for their ineffectiveness. So too is the European Union (EU), which is also accused of failing to assume a more prominent conflict management role in war-torn countries. This article examines the EU’s capacity and readiness to take on such a role in one such country, the former Republic of Sudan, home to Africa’s longest-running civil wars and the first ‘genocide’ of the 21st century. It begins by outlining the EU’s record in Darfur and the North–South Peace Process. Drawing upon 25 interviews and Hill’s ‘capabilities–expectations model’, it then questions whether the EU’s ‘capabilities’ (resources, instruments, unity) were ‘fit for purpose’ in Sudan’s hostile target setting. It concludes by identifying settings that have been more propitious for a conflict-related management function and by suggesting that the EU should better manage expectations about future security roles.     

正义：我国行政决策的理性诉求

作为行政管理活动的首要环节和重要基础,行政决策解决了政治资源的定位和分配,从而决定着行政管理活动的方向及方式取舍,并以其特有的权威引导和保证社会发展的方向。政治正义性与合法性的原理要求我国的行政决策必须坚持正义的理性诉求。但由于权力寻租的存在,监督机制的不健全以及行政决策的技术基础不够理想,我国部分行政决策的正义性明显不足。要增强我国行政决策的正义性,必须从根本出发,完善行政决策的制度基础,提高行政决策的技术基础,扩大行政决策的社会基础。     

经验法则与接近正义--以民事诉讼为进路

经验法则是法官依照日常生活中所形成的反映事物之间内在必然联系的事理作为认定待征事实根据的有关法则.它包括从一般的生活常识到关于一定职业技术或科学专业上的法则.经验法则具有盖然性程度的差异性和内容上的无限性,法官运用经验法则可以发现事实和应用法律,创造善的规则体系,更好地实现接近正义.     

刑法中的正当化行为与犯罪构成关系的理性思考

与大陆法系、英美法系均将刑法中的正当化行为置于犯罪构成体系之中的做法所不同的是 ,刑法中的正当化行为是游离于我国传统的耦合式犯罪构成体系之外的一个“活泼元素”。这样的关系 ,与现代刑事法治的精神不相契合 ,实有认真检讨和改进的必要。英美法系双层次犯罪构成模式为刑法中的正当化行为的纳入 ,尤其是超法规的正当化行为的充分展开 ,不仅提供了极其广阔的空间 ,而且因赋予其程序要件的色彩 ,从而突出强调了程序正义的价值 ,推动了宪法在刑事领域的司法化。因之 ,借鉴英美法系双层次犯罪构成的结构模式 ,吸纳我国传统犯罪构成体系中的合理成份 ,实现经验与理性的沟通 ,应当成为改造我国传统的耦合式犯罪构成体系的努力方向。     

试论市场规制法与行政法的关系

市场规制法是实体法和具体行政程序法的结合 ,市场规制法以公法为主 ,兼有公私法融合的特点 ,其私权救济部分通过民事诉讼实施 ,其刑事制裁部分除独立性的散在立法外已归入刑法典 ,均通过刑事诉讼实施 ,而其基本的实施方法则是行政和行政诉讼。