我国公安民警因公伤亡原因调查研究——兼论警察作训

采用文献资料、调查访问、比较数理统计等方法 ,对 2 0 0 1年度我国公安民警因公伤亡情况进行了研究 ,结合我国警察作训内容 ,分析了主要伤亡原因及对策 ,为公安民警教育培训提供理论指导     

大鼠支气管哮喘模型的心肌HSP70表达研究

目的探讨支气管哮喘心肌组织的损害机制,为支气管哮喘诱发的猝死的法医学诊断提供形态学依据。方法应用HE和免疫组化技术,对大鼠支气管哮喘模型的心肌HSP70的表达规律进行研究。结果实验组的心肌HSP70阳性表达明显高于对照组(P<0.01),随着哮喘时间的延续,心肌HSP70的阳性表达逐渐增强(P<0.05),在第8周表达最强。结论实验组支气管哮喘早期心肌有损害,且随时间延续,损害增强。HSP70对支气管哮喘诱发的猝死的法医学诊断有一定的帮助。     

迷失的货币与突发性通货膨胀

2003年下半年我国物价有明显抬头倾向,中国人民银行采取了紧缩的预防性货币政策,以期遏制可能出现的通货膨胀。然而,紧缩的预防性货币政策并没有稳住物价水平,2003年 9月后物价越过“拐点”以较大的幅度上涨,中国经济在经历了长期通货紧缩后突然面临通货膨胀的压力。本文试图以“迷失的货币假说”来解释突发性通货膨胀的深层原因,以丰富我国货币政策的理论研究,并为提高我国货币政策的有效性提供借鉴。     

论中国非暴力犯罪死刑的逐步废止

以长远的眼光观之 ,死刑的命运必然是走向终结。就中国现阶段的综合情况而言 ,可以经历如下三个阶段逐步废止死刑 :一是先行逐步废止非暴力犯罪的死刑 ;二是进一步在条件成熟时废止非致命犯罪 (非侵犯生命的犯罪 )的死刑 ;三是在社会文明和法治发展到相当发达程度时 ,全面废止死刑。目前 ,应及时将非暴力犯罪死刑的逐步废止问题提上日程。中国废止死刑之路 ,应以逐步而及时地废止非暴力犯罪的死刑为切入点     

Analysis of some commonly found inhalants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) – Effect of substrates on the identification of inhalants

Inhalant abuse is a serious and ever-evolving problem for our society. Inhalants are abused more commonly by teenagers and adolescents. Inhalants such as glue, paint thinners, correction fluid, and nail paint remover are easily available in the market which makes them readily abused. Out of various methods of abuse, huffing (placing a piece of cloth soaked with inhalant is placed in the mouth), bagging (placing head in a polythene bag containing inhalant), and ballooning (balloons filled with inhalant are used for inhaling vapors through the mouth) are most common. Inhalant abuse results in multiple target organ dysfunction with neuritis and brain damage due to the dissolution of the myelin sheath. In acute poisoning cases, it might cause death due to asphyxia and sudden sniffing syndrome. In such cases, various articles containing traces of inhalants could be retrieved from the scene of incidence and to detect these traces become an important facet of the investigation. However, it might be difficult due to the rapid evaporation of inhalants and the formation of reaction product species. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of three substrates (balloon, cloth, polythene) on component profiles of four paint thinners and four nail paint removers. The study suggests that although some components are retained, there is the formation of a large number of reaction product species and these must be taken into consideration before furnishing the opinion. These reaction product species might also be inhalant specific which must be further explored.     

死刑替代利弊分析

死刑存废之争在世界范围内沸沸扬扬,然而坚持适用死刑的国家无论面临来自国际还是国内的废除死刑压力和呼声,仍在适用死刑。我国适用死刑的总趋势是减少,甚至逐步被替代,替代是接受彻底废除死刑观念的过渡。事实上,我国刑法大部分适用死刑的犯罪不存在替代问题;另一方面,替代也可能会带来某些负面效应,并对立法和司法提出新的挑战。     

A retrospective comparative study to evaluate the reliability of post-mortem interval sources in UK and US medico-legal death investigations

Post-mortem interval (PMI) information sources may be subject to varying degrees of reliability that could impact the level of confidence associated with PMI estimations in forensic taphonomy research and in the practice of medico-legal death investigation. This study aimed to assess the reliability of PMI information sources in a retrospective comparative analysis of 1813 cases of decomposition from the Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner in Pittsburgh, US (n = 1714), and the Crime Scene Investigation department at Southwest Forensics in the UK (n = 99). PMI information sources were subjected to a two-stage evaluation using an adapted version of the 3x5 aspects of the UK police National Intelligence Model (NIM) to determine the confidence level associated with each source. Normal distribution plots were created to show the distribution frequency of the dependent variables (decomposition stage and source evaluation) by the independent variable of PMI. The manner, location, and season of death were recorded to ascertain if these variables influenced the reliability of the PMI. A confidence matrix was then created to assess the overall reliability and provenance of each PMI information source. Reliable PMI sources (including forensic specialists, missing persons reports, and digital evidence) were used across extensive PMI ranges (1 to 2920 days in the US, and 1 to 240 days in the UK) but conferred a low incidence of use with forensic specialists providing a PMI estimation in only 35% of all homicide cases. Medium confidence PMI sources (e.g., last known social contact) accounted for the majority of UK (54%, n = 54) and US (82%, n = 1413) cases and were associated with shorter PMIs and natural causes of death. Low confidence PMI sources represented the lowest frequencies of UK and US cases and exclusively comprised PMI information from scene evidence. In 96% of all cases, only one PMI source was reported, meaning PMI source corroboration was overall very low (4%). This research has important application for studies using police reports of PMI information to validate PMI estimation models, and in the practice of medico-legal death investigation where it is recommended that i) the identified reliable PMI sources are sought ii) untested or unreliable PMI sources are substantiated with corroborating PMI information, iii) all PMI sources are reported with an associated degree of confidence that encapsulates the uncertainty of the originating source.     

the death penalty: An American history

Stuart Banner's thoughtful book, The Death Penalty: An American History (2002), serves as the basis of this review essay which explores the forces shaping the nation's experiences with capital punishment. The essay traces Banner's account of important death penalty developments throughout American history and examines justifications traditionally offered in support of capital punishment, issues of administration, and execution protocols. It concludes by projecting that, consistent with historical trends and nagged by serious and recurring administrative problems, the death penalty in America will in due course become a thing of the past.     

Effects of psychopathy and violence risk testimony on mock juror perceptions of dangerousness in a capital murder trial

The recent introduction of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) into the sentencing phase of capital murder trials has heightened concerns about the potentially prejudicial impact of such information on jurors, who might give disproportionate weight to this diagnosis when determining whether a defendant is a “continuing threat to society”. To investigate this issue, 238 undergraduates read a case summary based on US v. Barnette ( ), in which prosecution testimony was presented regarding the presence of a mental disorder (psychopathy, psychosis, or no disorder). Compared to the “no disorder” condition, participants rated psychopathic defendants as more likely to be violent in the future, even though testimony related to level of risk (high or low) was held constant. The difference in perceived dangerousness across the psychopathy and no disorder groups was particularly pronounced when the experts described the defendant as being at low risk. A similar pattern of effects was noted for the psychosis condition, suggesting that the impact of mental disorder testimony on perceptions of dangerousness may not necessarily be specific to the PCL-R.     

我国农村妇女自杀问题初探

农村妇女自杀问题已成为我国当前一个日益凸显的社会问题。家庭暴力、传统文化的落后思想、经济能力不足等是导致农村妇女自杀率高的主要原因。为解决农村妇女自杀问题,必须采取加大教育普及力、提高执法力和加强对农村妇女的心理援助等重要防治举措。