英国法上"死亡"定义之考察

本文从英国判例法和医学行业标准两个方面考察了英国法上“死亡”这一概念的发展过程,阐释了传统的心跳和呼吸停止标准与脑死亡标准的关系以及英国社会目前对死亡定义所存在的疑虑和争议,并且指出了英国法对我国的借鉴意义。本文通过对英国法上死亡定义的考察,以期对我国目前正在进行的脑死亡法的起草工作有所助益。     

心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43的免疫组化染色观察

目的探讨心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43(Cx43)染色变化及其与猝死的关系。方法运用免疫组化和图像分析技术,分2组(A和B组)检测20例心肌病猝死者心室肌的Cx43染色情况;并与14例非心肌病猝死者(C组)的检测结果对照。结果扩张型心肌病(DCM)猝死组(A组,11例)心肌Cx43染色明显减弱,阳性着色斑点大小不等、深浅不一、分布不均,有的呈散在颗粒状;其它类型的心肌病猝死组(B组,9例)亦见类似变化;非心肌病猝死的对照组(C组,14例)未见明显变化。定量检测并经统计分析发现,Cx43蛋白染色阳性的面积,A组与B组和C组的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),B组与C组的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);而平均光密度各组之间的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43免疫组化染色明显减弱,尤以扩张型心肌病明显;心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43变化可能与其猝死有一定关系。     

论绝对确定性和死刑

近年来死刑误判案件的披露引起了人们对如何减少此类错误的重新关注。因此，建议提高死刑案件中陪审团成员对被告人罪行确定性的研究者们一致呼吁适用高于排除合理怀疑的证明标准。本文在第二部分列举了一些当前论证死刑案件中可以适用排除合理怀疑证明标准的理论．并说明这些理论是否能证明死刑案件的定罪阶段和量刑阶均应适用更高证明标准。但因为死刑案件仍相对较少．所以误判死刑案件对正当性造成的整体损害小于每年误判数以千计的非死刑案件造成的损害：2002年仅有159人被判处死刑，但2000年有近925000名成年人在州法院被判处重罪，其中45000人在审判中被定罪（其余为自己认罪）。如果在死刑案件中要求真正的绝对确定性．那么可能会因为没有陪审团成员能真正声称自己有“绝对的确定性”而导致无人会被判处死刑。     

“已满七十五周岁不适用死刑”条款的理解适用

无论是采用“广义说”还是“狭义说”来界定，都可能会指：只要是在审判阶段属于“已满七十五周岁的人”即可，都不会影响对“已满七十五周岁的人”的认定范围。“已满七十五周岁”的立法依据是以平均寿命来综合考虑的。如果将“以特别残忍手段致人死亡”修改为“情节特别恶劣”，这无疑是扩大了免死的限制条件范围，也却相应地也缩小了“已满七十五周岁的人，不适用死刑”的范围。     

死刑废止之路新发展的全球考察

本文的目的是将死刑废止的新发展置于国际背景之下并进行相关论述,证明一种新的对抗态势正在发挥作用,并已在过去20年间大幅增加了废除死刑国家的数量,而这样的国家目前在世界上占明显多数。各国废除死刑的途径、从保留死刑到废除死刑的速度、相关的政治进程以及用以替代死刑的刑罚都将予以讨论。     

心肌桥的研究现状及法医学意义

心肌桥是一种少见的解剖学异常,可引起猝死,近年来已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据文献资料从心肌桥的发生率、解剖学特征、病理生理变化、临床表现及法医学意义等方面进行综述。     

Predictors of Death Sentencing for Minority,Equal, and Majority Female Juries in Capital Murder Trials

The relatively small body of prior research investigating whether the sex composition of juries impacts sentencing decisions has produced equivocal results. Exploring this topic further, the current study used a large sample of capital cases from North Carolina (n = 675) to examine (a) whether jury sex composition predicted jury capital punishment sentencing decisions; and (b) whether there were different models of sentencing for male-majority, equal male-female, and female-majority juries. When we controlled for a number of legal and extralegal factors, our findings indicated that jury sex composition was independently related to sentencing outcomes. Specifically, equal male-female juries were significantly more likely and female-majority juries were significantly less likely to choose the death penalty versus a sentence of life in prison. In addition, different models (predictors) of sentencing were revealed for each of the jury sex compositions. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.     

The garcia de la paz

According to the famous economist and Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen women have a significant biological advantage over men. Despite this fact women do not always live longer. In today's third world, but also in some areas in Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century we find so-called excess female mortality. In this paper we examine child mortality in The Netherlands in general and gendered patterns of child mortality in particular. The focus is on differential mortality patterns by gender for infants, older children, and young adults up to age 20 in the second half of the 19th century. The analysis takes place at three levels. We start off with an exploration of sex differentials in mortality at the national level, based on the existing literature. We next examine gender differentials in mortality at the level of several Dutch communities, in the region called Twente, focussing on the differences between the city and the countryside. The final part of the analysis focuses on the micro level of the individual and his or her family in the rural community of Lonneker located in the Twente region. In this part of our study we make use of longitudinal individual level data which are analysed with event history methodologies. Our analysis clearly demonstrates that young women and girls in The Netherlands were not always in a position to fully capitalise upon their greater biological advantage and suffered instead considerable excess mortality. Especially in the rural parts of the country girls had lower survival chances. The individual level analysis confirms the importance of sex in explaining child and adolescent mortality. These gendered mortality risks can however not be attributed to social and economic household characteristics. The analysis also shows that, when death came, it literally affected the entire family. This phenomenon, better known under the label ‘death clustering’, may have been an effect of parental incompetence.     

器官来源的合法性探讨

供体器官的严重不足是制约器官移植进展的瓶颈,因此寻求更多地器官来源成为当今医学家们孜孜以求的奋斗目标,然而,科学是一把"双刃剑",医学家们寻求的器官来源能否用于临床,还得首先由国家承认其合法性。鉴于此,本文就分别就对活体器官、尸体器官、死刑犯器官、胎儿器官、异种器官以及人造器官来源的合法性进行讨论。     

我国经济犯罪中死刑废止问题之探究

死刑存废问题的研究历来是刑法学的研究重点。我国经济刑法中大量规定了死刑的适用。文章通过对死刑演进历史和经济犯罪概念的探讨,根据刑法的谦抑性原则,经济犯罪的特点和建设社会主义和谐社会的要求,分析了经济犯罪中死刑适用存在的诸多不合理,提出应该废除死刑并采取其他刑罚措施替代其适用。