奥姆真理教与奥姆新法

日本的奥姆真理教是上个世纪末在日本发展起来的具有国际影响的邪教组织.为了达到自己的目的.竟然在上班通勤的高峰期.用沙林毒气无差别地袭击公共人群,造成巨大的社会危害。为处置这一社会问题,日本政府采用了多种手段,最后制定了《奥姆新法》,这是现代社会中比较完整的防范、治理邪教的法律。     

Location and tracking of mobile devices: Überveillance stalks the streets

During the last decade, location-tracking and monitoring applications have proliferated, in mobile cellular and wireless data networks, and through self-reporting by applications running in smartphones that are equipped with onboard global positioning system (GPS) chipsets. It is now possible to locate a smartphone user's location not merely to a cell, but to a small area within it. Innovators have been quick to capitalise on these location-based technologies for commercial purposes, and have gained access to a great deal of sensitive personal data in the process. In addition, law enforcement utilises these technologies, can do so inexpensively and hence can track many more people. Moreover, these agencies seek the power to conduct tracking covertly, and without a judicial warrant. This article investigates the dimensions of the problem of people-tracking through the devices that they carry. Location surveillance has very serious negative implications for individuals, yet there are very limited safeguards. It is incumbent on legislatures to address these problems, through both domestic laws and multilateral processes.     

When video cameras watch and screen: Privacy implications of pattern recognition technologies

Computer vision technologies based on pattern recognition software will soon allow identifying human behaviour that deviates from a pre-defined normality. Such applications are foreseen, amongst others, to be used in public places with purposes of crime prevention, especially in the context of the fight against terrorism. This technology increases the level of automation of video surveillance, changing the main nature of surveillance. The balance of power between the citizen and the State is altered, calling for a new balancing of interests. The automation of risk detection moreover raises the issue of the protection against partially automated decision-making. This paper will deal with the challenges raised by proactive video surveillance technologies to the way how privacy and security have been balanced so far. Attention will moreover be brought to the new safeguards that should be devised to protect the citizens from increased scrutiny and growing automation of the decision-making process.     

视频监控系统的发展趋势

由于视频监控可以起到事前防范和事后取证的作用,所以随着中国经济建设、城市治安以及国际反恐形式的发展变化,视频监控越来越深入到每个行业、每个人的生活中。前端一体化、智能化,视频数字化、高清化,监控网络化,系统集成化是视频监控系统公认的发展方向,是公安工作的得力助手,是科技强警的重要组成部分。     

Assessing the effects of body‐worn cameras on procedural justice in the Los Angeles Police Department*

In this article, we explore variations in procedural justice delivered in face‐to‐face encounters with citizens before and after the implementation of body‐worn cameras (BWCs). We draw on recent advances in the measurement of procedural justice using systematic social observation of police in field settings in the Los Angeles Police Department. Data collected on 555 police–citizen encounters are examined in bivariate and multivariate models exploring the primary hypothesis that BWCs affect procedural justice delivered by police directly and indirectly. Our results indicate that significant increases in procedural justice during police–citizen encounters were directly attributable to the effect of BWCs on police behavior as well as to the indirect effects on citizen disrespect and other variables. The implications for policy include explicit measurement and monitoring of procedural justice or elements such as officer discourtesy in departments adopting BWCs. Further research questions such as more detailed examination of citizens’ behavior changes under BWCs are also considered in the context of the findings.     

论侦查实践中视频监控运用机制的完善

随着侦查理论研究和实践的广泛运用,利用视频监控侦查破案势必成为一条全新、简捷、高效的侦查途径。但当前视频监控在建设、运用和法律规范方面仍存在一些尚需解决的问题。随着"科技强警"理念的不断深入,我们要积极转变传统思维,使视频监控在侦查实践中的作用最大化发挥,从而更好地保障社会稳定和公民基本权利。     

Making sense of body-worn cameras in a police organization: a technological frames analysis

ABSTRACT

This case study of a small police agency in the United States uses semi-structured interviews, a patrol officer survey, and observations, to examine the technological frames of managers and users for interpreting the implementation and use of body-worn cameras. A technological frames approach allows for an in-depth comparison of the knowledge, assumptions, and interpretations of a new technology between groups and for an examination of the processes that may lead to these perceptions changing over time. Although users were initially wary of managers’ rationale for camera implementation, their frames evolved as they realized that body-worn cameras were not being used to identify instances of minor misconduct or policy violations. This development of a more positive perspective was further strengthened by the discovery of additional benefits of body-worn camera use, including protecting users from frivolous complaints and their evidentiary value. These findings challenge the notion that ‘first impressions last’ and that differences in group frames inevitably lead to conflict and unsatisfactory outcomes.     

论视频监控系统在公安工作中的应用

视频监控系统因其实时、准确、直观的特点,在提高公安工作效率、缓解警力不足以及防范打击犯罪等方面发挥着重要作用。但目前的视频监控系统在管理、后期维护、具体应用等方面还存在一些亟待解决的问题,其资源整合、共享以及技术升级应成为我国视频监控系统建设和发展的主要方向。