排序方式： 共有56条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Claire Corbett 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2013,19(4):305-330
Abstract Speeding is usually perceived as a minor crime but it is a major cause of road death. Reduced speeds should therefore lead to casualty reduction, and automatic speed cameras were introduced in England and Wales under the Road Traffic Act 1991 to help achieve this aim. A quasi-experimental study is described that assessed die impact of several kinds of speed camera deployment strategy in England on different types of driver. Twelve surveys were carried out in five police force areas, and more than 6800 drivels participated. While all modes of camera deployment led to lower speeds, driver types who ‘manipulated’ or ‘defied’ the cameras were least responsive to and respectful of than. Conversely, those who described themselves as ‘conforming’ to speed limits or ‘deterred’ by cameras approved of them most. Background characteristics of driver types, their perceptions of camera operation and behavioural responses to cameras arc discussed. The implications for speed limit enforcement and casualty reduction are considered in light of the findings. 相似文献
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Why would an autocrat want, or at least make it appear to want, to reduce election fraud? In recent years, non-democratic rulers have surprisingly begun to embrace fraud-reducing technologies, like web cameras or transparent ballot boxes. The reason for this is found in the relative ease by which one type of fraud can be replaced with another. With the help of new fraud identification techniques, I argue that the installation of web cameras in polling stations changes how fraud is conducted. Web cameras do not reduce fraud, but rather make certain blatant forms of fraud, like ballot box stuffing, more costly. Autocrats then substitute for other types of fraud, such as fabricating the vote count out of view of the cameras. 相似文献
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《Science & justice》2023,63(3):364-368
The stamp markings on wooden surfaces, which are placed on trees and products including antiques, indicate the status of trees and involve identifying data regarding the products. Such markings are obliterated either to facilitate illegal logging or to conceal product information. Despite the wide literature on the restoration of obliterated characters on metal and polymer surfaces, the recovery of defaced characters on wooden surfaces appears to be understudied. Several reference texts in the forensic marks’ examination literature suggest that water, water vapor, and alkaline solutions are useful in restoring the abraded markings on the wood. Since there does not seem to be any experimental study proving such success, this study aimed to fill this gap. This study conducted experimental research by using water, ethanol, ammonia, and chloroform to recover the scraped characters on samples obtained from walnut, beech, spruce, oak, and cedar trees. The cold-stamped characters, which were defaced at varying depths, were restored using vapor and liquid phases of four solvents. While the vapor phases of water, ethanol, and ammonia yielded good outcomes on all types of wooden surfaces, the liquid phases did not seem to be useful in the revisualization process. The response of the vapors, which varied between 62 and 220 s, depended on the type of wood. The restoration technique developed in this research offers the possibility of on-site usage, easy application, utilization of low-cost solvents, rapid recovery, and effectiveness on various wooden surfaces. Overall, the restoration methodology used in this research appears to be fruitful in retrieving identifying information on wooden samples. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT This case study of a small police agency in the United States uses semi-structured interviews, a patrol officer survey, and observations, to examine the technological frames of managers and users for interpreting the implementation and use of body-worn cameras. A technological frames approach allows for an in-depth comparison of the knowledge, assumptions, and interpretations of a new technology between groups and for an examination of the processes that may lead to these perceptions changing over time. Although users were initially wary of managers’ rationale for camera implementation, their frames evolved as they realized that body-worn cameras were not being used to identify instances of minor misconduct or policy violations. This development of a more positive perspective was further strengthened by the discovery of additional benefits of body-worn camera use, including protecting users from frivolous complaints and their evidentiary value. These findings challenge the notion that ‘first impressions last’ and that differences in group frames inevitably lead to conflict and unsatisfactory outcomes. 相似文献
45.
Torin Monahan 《社会征候学》2013,23(4):515-534
This paper analyzes practices of counter-surveillance—particularly against closed-circuit television systems in urban areas—and theorizes their political implications. Counter-surveillance is defined as intentional, tactical uses, or disruptions of surveillance technologies to challenge institutional power asymmetries. Such activities can include disabling or destroying surveillance cameras, mapping paths of least surveillance and disseminating that information over the Internet, employing video cameras to monitor sanctioned surveillance systems and their personnel, or staging public plays to draw attention to the prevalence of surveillance in society. The main argument is that current modes of activism tend to individualize surveillance problems and methods of resistance, leaving the institutions, policies, and cultural assumptions that support public surveillance relatively insulated from attack. 相似文献
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India is juggling demands and proposals for at least three national data surveillance projects of vast scope. This article focuses on the unique identification (UID) number, which it is proposed will be allocated to India’s 1.2 billion people, with 600 M UIDs to be allocated by 2015. Draft legislation to create the Authority which will administer the UID contains few protections for privacy or other liberties. They are needed because there is otherwise a privacy vacuum in Indian law. The Bill leaves most of the details of the demographic and biometric information which will be required to be included Regulations, and imposes no controls on which organisations can require UIDs, or what they can do with them. This article focuses on the planning documents for the UID, and the Bill, to argue that India may be building an identification system that puts peoples’ liberties at risk, and does so in a way which will be largely out of control of democratic or judicial restraints on such a powerful use of information technology. 相似文献
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随着侦查理论研究和实践的广泛运用,利用视频监控侦查破案势必成为一条全新、简捷、高效的侦查途径。但当前视频监控在建设、运用和法律规范方面仍存在一些尚需解决的问题。随着"科技强警"理念的不断深入,我们要积极转变传统思维,使视频监控在侦查实践中的作用最大化发挥,从而更好地保障社会稳定和公民基本权利。 相似文献
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人民监督员制度试行以来,虽然在实践中发挥了积极重要的作用,但仍存在很多问题与不足。突出表现在所选任的人民监督员中官员化倾向过于严重,部分监督员在监督过程中缺乏相应的监督能力、缺失监督的话语权,相当一部分监督员很少、甚至基本不参加监督活动等等。因此,在推进人民监督员制度法制化进程中,如何科学界定人民监督员的选任条件就显得至关重要。 相似文献
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刑事见证一直被当作一个技术性问题而为我国诉讼法学界所忽视,其所蕴涵的监督制约价值和诉讼证明功能尚未被人们充分认识。我国现有的刑事见证规范不但内容粗疏,而且见证与否对相关的侦查行为及由此所取得的证据材料不产生任何法律效力,从而导致权力滥用和制度变形,这不但与程序正义相背离,而且妨害实体真实的发现。对公权力过分信任的政治哲学、重实体、轻程序的法律文化以及偏重于惩罚犯罪的诉讼目的等,都影响了制度的精细化设计及其应然功能的发挥。无论是顺应证明模式转型的发展趋势还是基于程序法定原则的内在要求,抑或是保障证据证明力及侦查程序正当性的要求,均需要我们重新审视刑事见证问题。只有把见证人见证作为一项独立的诉讼行为予以制度完善并赋予其一定的法律效力,刑事见证才能实现从技术到制度的转变。 相似文献
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