脑皮质挫伤组织的定量自动图象分析——存活时间与神经细胞及胶质细胞反应的关系

作者用Quantimet-720型自动图象分析仪,对10例伤后不同时间的脑皮质挫伤病理组织切片,作神经细胞及胶质细胞的定量测定。结果发现受伤区神经细胞的数目及体积分数,随伤后存活时间增加而沿对数曲线减少;胶质细胞数目和体积分数则随伤后存活时间延长而增加,线性关系明显。其中星形胶质细胞数目的增加更为显著,伤后4.5h死亡者,细胞数已开始增加。上述改变具有一定规律性。作者认为,脑挫伤死亡案例,可用本文报告的方法,推测伤后存活时间。此法在法医学文献中尚未见报告。     

发展风险成因研究——历史唯物主义的分析

从历史唯物主义实践生存论来看,人类实践活动的二重性特征、理性的有限性、环境与社会系统的"双重偶然性"、非理性认识的冲击以及现实操作层面执行力不足等方面,是发展风险的深层原因.对发展风险的深入研究,是实现科学发展的重要一环.     

Beyond incubation: an analysis of firm survival and exit dynamics in the post-graduation period

With regard to the survival rates of business incubator (BI) firms, the literature mainly presents findings of failure rates only during the incubation period. Little is known about the survival or exit dynamics of firms after leaving the incubator facilities. This study approaches this research question by examining the survival of 352 firms from five German BIs after their graduation. The findings suggest that graduation causes an immediate negative effect on survivability that lasts up to 3 years after leaving the incubators. Furthermore, heterogeneous patterns of post-graduation exit dynamics between the BIs were observed. It was also found that performance during the incubation period is an indicator of the propensity of business closure after graduation. This study offers valuable insights and implications for all stakeholders of BI-initiatives.      

论禁止重复评价原则与刑法竞合

禁止重复评价原则是与重复评价相对应的概念,其价值根源在于法的正义性.基于此,禁止重复评价原则制约刑法竞合情况下的行为的评价即犯罪单复数的分析和判断.具体体现为禁止重复评价原则与法条竞合、想象竞合、牵连犯和不可罚的前后行为之间的关系.     

知识产权法定主义及其适用--兼与梁慧星、易继明教授商榷

财产权劳动理论会产生扩大知识产权保护范围的危险,导致知识产权界定的困难和社会公共利益与私人利益之间的矛盾。知识产权法定主义具有创权和限权的双重功效;知识产权制度的创设是一个以自由为起点、以社会整体效率为连接点、以社会正义为依归的完整链条;知识产权司法应当坚持整体性观念。虽然在知识产权特别法之外存在适用传统民法和反不正当竞争法的可能性,但在这种情况下法律所禁止的只是某种行为样态,保护的只是某种利益或优势,这种保护并不意味着原告享有某种特定的知识产权。     

Parliamentary Sovereignty,Judges and the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants etc.) Bill

It is an aspect of the traditional view of Parliamentary sovereignty that the courts will not rule as invalid an Act of Parliament, or any part of an Act, which has been passed in the correct fashion. This view has been questioned by some, including some senior judges. They argue that certain limits on the legislative competence of Parliament are necessary to protect those fundamental values that are essential in a democracy. Many who argue for limits to the legislative competence of Parliament also suggest that the relationship between the different arms of the government is one based on mutual respect, restraint and co-operation. If Parliament legislates in such a way as to breach this mutuality, and in a way that will cause conflict between Parliament and the courts, then, it is suggested, the courts may reply in kind by holding that legislation, or part of it, invalid. It is argued here that in the recent quarrel between the Government and the courts over the ouster clause contained in the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Bill 2003, the Government was encouraged to undertake to amend the legislation as a result, at least in part, of intimations by senior judges that the clause could be overruled by the courts. This demonstrates, it is argued, that both sides believed this threat to have some force.Lecturer in Law, Department of Law and Criminology, Edge Hill College of Higher Education. Email: mcgarryj@edgehill.ac.uk. I am grateful to Kas Wachala and Maggi Eastwood for their comments on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors remain my own.     

论合同条款的效力界限

合同条款的约定在正常履行条件下 ,是有约束力的 ,但当其超出某一条件时 ,继续履行合同约定则会形成不对称的权利义务 ,这就需要法律对合同条款的效力界限作出规制 ,形成对合同条款效力认定的补救措施。这既是现代民法维护实质正义的价值要求 ,也是合同固有的对价因素的内在要求 ,同时也与合同法关于违约责任的“可预见利益”规则相呼应。否则 ,在履行与违约责任中 ,不可避免地选择已有法律责任界限的违约责任 ,而刻意规避因履行而带来的不可确定的不对称义务 ,引发更大程度的信用危机。从法律公平与实质正义出发 ,应增加合同条款的效力界限规范。     

Defending democracy with international law: preventing coup attempts with democracy clauses

In recent decades many regional inter-governmental organizations have adopted agreements committing all member states to maintain democratic governments, and specifying punishments to be levied against member states that revert to authoritarianism. These treaties have a surprisingly high enforcement rate – nearly all states subject to them that have experienced governmental succession by coup have been suspended by the relevant IGO(s). However, relatively little is known about whether these treaties are deterring coups. This article offers an original theory of how these international agreements could deter coups d’état, focusing on the way that a predictably adverse international reaction complicates the incentives of potential coup participants. An analysis of the likelihood of coups for the period of 1991–2008 shows that states subject to democracy were on average less likely to experience coups, but that this finding was not statistically significant in most models. However, when restricting the analysis to democracies, middle-income states with democracy clauses were significantly less likely to experience coup attempts. Moreover, the African democracy regime appears to be particularly effective, significantly reducing the likelihood of coup attempts for middle-income states regardless of regime type.     

世界政治“平靖进程”的技术变迁支撑

二战后,世界政治经历了"平靖进程",具体体现为:"大国罕有战事""国家罕有消亡"。本文融合国际政治经济学与国际安全研究,展示二战后的技术变迁改变了大国的"意愿"与"能力",支撑了世界政治新变化。在马尔萨斯时代,由于技术水平低下,生存物资稀缺,生存保障匮乏,人类面临持续的安全难题。二战后,技术发展影响了当代大国的"意愿"与"能力",让世界政治呈现新变化。技术变迁给大国提供了更为丰富的选择,让大国使用武力征服的意愿降低;同时,随着技术变迁,尤其是在"核革命"后,大国确保自身安全的能力更强,使得"大国罕有战事"。得益于技术变迁,大国利益半径扩大,即便距离遥远地域的变化也与自身息息相关,大国保障遥远海外利益的意愿提升;同时,技术变迁扩大了大国的权力投射,让世界各国,尤其是大国保障体系稳定的能力更强,致使"国家罕见消亡"。随着技术变迁,世界政治已呈现出很多与传统智慧不同的方面,孕育国际交往的新理念。     

中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效评价

目的试用临床受益评价中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效。方法对1999年1月至2003年12月间连续收住的133例Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。临床受益定义为:①Child-Pugh分期和(或)卡氏评分(Karnofsky s performance scoring,KPS)改善(≥20);②上两项稳定并肿瘤大小或甲胎蛋白(alpha fe-toprotein,AFP)减少25%以上。用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,用log rank法检验。结果1个周期治疗后患者整体临床受益率为20.3%。中药治疗、中药联合肝动脉化疗栓塞和其他治疗的临床受益率分别为22.7%、30.7%和11.9%。患者中位生存率为3.1个月(95%可信区间为1.97~4.23),1年生存率为19.3%。结论中药治疗有效提高了Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床受益。