Some reflections on the duality of regime for software protection in the European Union

Although the framework for protection of computer programs has been established in the European Union more than two decades ago, it has not undergone any major changes. Opinions of Advocate General Yves Bot have convinced the Court to advance the concept of the plurality of copyright regimes applicable to software: source code, object code and documentation would be protected under the Software Directive, whereas interfaces, programming languages, data formats and software manuals are dealt with as literary works under the InfoSoc Directive. In SAS Institute v WPL, the Court also ruled that copyright in a computer program cannot be infringed where the lawful acquirer of the license neither decompiled the object code nor copied the source code of the computer program, but merely studied, observed and tested that program in order to reproduce its functionality in a second program. This ruling paves the way and acknowledges the reverse engineering efforts on the Old Continent.     

“手足十二针”对缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者运动皮质连接组功能连接的影响

目的 运用静息态功能磁共振技术探究“手足十二针”对缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者运动皮质连接组功能连接（functional connectivity, FC）的影响。方法 纳入37例缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者,分为真穴组25例、假穴组12例。真穴组患者给予“手足十二针”组穴（双侧合谷、内关、曲池、足三里、阳陵泉、三阴交）针刺干预;假穴组患者给予“手足十二针”经穴旁开1寸针刺干预。采用Fugl-Meyer量表(Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, FMA) 评价患者的肢体运动功能,采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表 (National Institute of Health stroke scale, NIHSS) 评价患者的神经系统缺损程度,并进行静息态功能磁共振成像。选取双侧初级运动区（primary motor area, M1）、辅助运动区（supplementary motor area, SMA）、运动前区（premotor cortex, PMC）为种子点,分析计算各脑区间FC值。比较两组患者治疗前后FMA量表、NIHSS评分及FC值。结果 与治疗前比较,真穴组患者治疗后FMA上肢运动功能评分、下肢运动功能评分、总分均显著升高（P<0.05）,NIHSS评分显著降低（P<0.05）;双侧M1 FC值显著升高（P<0.05）,患侧SMA与健侧PMC的FC值显著降低（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,假穴组患者治疗后下肢运动功能评分、FMA总分均显著升高（P<0.05）,NIHSS评分显著降低（P<0.05）。结论 “手足十二针”可能通过增强双侧初级运动区的FC以改善缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能及神经功能缺损程度,且具有穴位特异性,而辅助运动区与运动前区FC的改变也是另一可能的机制。