Putting the Special Case in Its Place: Switzerland and Small‐N Comparison in Policy Research

This research note presents a set of strategies to conduct small‐N comparisons in policy research including the Swiss case. Even though every country can be considered “special” to some extent, the Swiss political system is often viewed as a particularly difficult case for comparison because of the impact of its idiosyncratic institutional features (most notably direct democracy). In order to deal with this problem, our note sets out two possible strategies ‐ the use of functional equivalents and of counterfactual reasoning ‐ and explains how to implement them empirically through process tracing and the establishment of causal chains. As an illustration, these strategies are used for a comparison of the process of electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland and Belgium.     

基于光谱成像的人血和两种动物血痕迹的函数型数据分析

目的研究现场勘查和实验室检验鉴定中光谱成像技术显现和区分人体血液痕迹与动物血液痕迹的能力。方法使用光谱成像技术分别采集人血、鸡血、蛇血在不同介质表面的光谱影像数据,利用函数型数据分析方法依次分析了四种介质上的血迹数据,主要的分析方法包括:1)基于函数型数据主成分分析定量确定三种血迹光谱主成分贡献率及差异主要集中的波段;2)利用三种血迹的主成分进行聚类分析;3)基于函数型数据Fisher判别分析对样本进行判别。结果利用函数型数据进行血迹种类判别,对四种介质上三种血迹的识别准确率分别达到了96.6%、98.8%、99.0%和94.6%。结论研究表明,利用光谱成像技术和函数型分析方法来区分现场人血与动物血痕迹物证是行之有效的。     

From chronic rhinitis to death: Fatal outcome of nasal polyposis treatment

Introduction

Nasal polyposis (NP) is considered to be the state of chronic inflammation of nasal mucosa and sinuses presenting with various nasal symptomatology. In most cases, it is treated conservatively. Recently, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was developed as the valuable and advantageous surgical procedure to treat NP. Despite the inherited risks of this procedure, its complication rate is considered to be acceptable compared to potential benefits for the patient.

Case

Fifty-five-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of the nasal polypus. After the usual pre-surgery procedures, the patient underwent FESS. Under general anesthesia, left sphenoid sinus was opened and cleaned from the imflammatory discharge, polypus was excised, and following the trepanation the left maxillary sinus was left to drain out. Polypus and pieces of sinonasal mucosa were sent to pathohistological analysis, which yielded in diagnosis of inverted sinonasal papilloma.The early postoperative recovery was regular, but 2 h upon the surgery, the patient started to lose consciousness gradually falling into the state of coma. CT scan and angiography of the head revealed pneumocranium, defect of the left ethmoidal sinus, hematoma in the left frontal cerebral lobe, as well as the hemorrhage in all four cerebral ventricles. A series of neurosurgical procedures followed in the next 8 days. Despite the attempts to resolve above complications, the patient remained comatous and died 16 days after the polypectomy.Autopsy revealed the extensive oval-shaped defect on the skull base in the left posterior part of cribrous plate of the left ethmoid bone. The brain appeared swollen and heavily congested, showing the zone of subarachnoidal hemorrhage in basal face of left frontal lobe. Frontal serial sections revealed large intracerebral haematoma in basal periventricular structures of left frontal lobe extending to the whole ventricular system. Apart from the above, most prominent finding was bilateral bronchopneumonia. The cause of death was attributed to bronchopneumonia following the brain trauma, manner of death ruled as violent.

Conclusion

Although majority of the patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis or NP recover well after the endoscopic surgery, the possibility of undesirable outcome must not be ignored. This case calls for assessment of potential medical liability caused by malpractice. Having in mind rather high prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis and NP, legal aspects of postoperative death should be carefully analyzed.     

传统孝道的现代功能

作为传统中国的主要意识形态,孝道的功能,有明显不适应当代社会的部分。然而,在少子化、老龄化日益突出的今天,其在教化后代、赡养老亲、慰藉精神、推广尊老等诸多方面,仍然有其独特的、不容忽视的现代功能。     

妨害疫情防控行为的刑法适用之体系解释

国家司法机关制定发布的妨害疫情防控刑事司法意见是一种刑法适用性解释,与规范性司法解释相比,其具有间接的法律适用效力。从刑法体系解释角度看,有关妨害疫情防控的刑法规范、司法解释与司法意见应当是相互协调的。对刑事司法意见的适用进行解释应当遵循整体性、动态性、协调性原则,并运用同类解释规则、同一解释规则、排他解释规则,对以危险方法危害公共安全罪、妨害传染病防治罪、妨害公务罪等相关罪名进行适用性解释,实现严格依法从重处罚和宽严相济。     

全球化:概念·机制·影响--系统论的观点

系统论应该是研究全球化的正确理论.全球化是人类社会这个复杂的大系统进入全球范围相互依存相互影响的新系统的过程;影响全球化的宏观变量是经济和知识技术;对全球化的最终结果不必过于悲观,发展中国家在全球化之初的边缘状态只是暂时的.     

针刺持续时间及刺激方案对针刺脑功能成像的影响

目的 利用BOLD-fMRI技术,在保持其他影响因素不变的情况下研究针刺持续时间及针刺刺激方案对脑功能成像激活区定位的影响。方法 选取健康志愿者40例,平均分为2组,为持续时间组及刺激方案组,第1组采用相同的针刺刺激方案（改良组块设计）进行3轮（R1、R2、R3）功能像数据采集,第2组采用3种不同的针刺刺激方案（包括典型组块、改良组块设计及事件相关设计）进行3轮功能像采集,两组数据均采用相同的MR扫描参数,用AFNI软件进行数据处理,用Monte Carlo阈值校正方法确定脑功能激活区,得出每组的组内分析结果及组内不同轮次比较的结果。 结果 持续时间组及刺激方案组的组内fMRI信号存在明显差异。组内不同轮次fMRI信号比较也均存在显著差异的脑区,两组的R2与R1相比均存在fMRI信号减低区域,但刺激方案组的R3与R1相比存在广泛的fMRI信号减低区域,持续时间组的R3与R1相比存在fMRI信号增高区域。 结论 针刺持续时间及刺激方案均会对脑功能成像的激活区定位产生影响。     

针刺舌根部穴对人生理状态下吞咽功能影响的功能性核磁共振成像研究

目的通过对比健康成人舌根部穴针刺前后执行吞咽任务时脑功能区的激活差异,探讨针刺舌根部穴对吞咽功能影响的中枢机制。方法青年健康志愿者10名,分别于针刺舌根部穴前后运用功能磁共振技术进行吞咽任务(含静息状态、吞咽准备和吞咽任务)扫描,分析针刺前后数据集,获得针刺舌根部穴后执行吞咽任务的差异脑功能激活区。结果针刺前,脑激活区主要分布于左侧的颞上回和右侧的岛叶;针刺后,脑激活区主要分布于左侧小脑后叶、小脑叶、梭状回以及右侧舌状回,负激活区主要分布于左侧中央前回、中央后回以及右侧中央后回;针刺前后对比,差异脑激活区分布于左侧的梭状回、颞中回及额内侧回,负激活区位于左侧顶下小叶。结论针刺舌根部穴影响吞咽功能的原因可能是通过增强吞咽相关脑区参与任务执行的积极性,提高吞咽任务执行效率,以达到调节吞咽运动肌群的目的。     

推拿干预颈动脉粥样硬化动物模型安全性的系统评价和Meta分析

目的 系统评价推拿干预颈动脉粥样硬化动物模型的风险及安全性。方法 检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库以及PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science自建库以来至2022年9月30日收录的所有相关文献。2名研究者独立进行文献检索、数据提取、质量评价,采用软件Review Manager 5.4及Stata 12.0进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入12篇文献,共计兔183只,猴24只。Meta分析结果显示：推拿对血流动力学指标、血管最大载荷值、拉曼光谱脂质特征峰值以及血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2的影响无统计学意义,但会增加血管的最大应力［SMD=0.63,95% CI（0.14,1.12）,P=0.01］、弹性模量［SMD=0.94,95% CI（0.49,1.40）,P<0.000 01］、巨噬细胞平均光密度［MD=2.39,95% CI（1.84,2.94）,P<0.000 01］及平均微血管密度［MD=10.46,95% CI（2.50,18.42）, P=0.01］、血清hs-CRP水平［MD=1.00,95% CI（0.14,1.86）,P=0.02］,降低血管最大应变［SMD=－0.56,95% CI（－0.99,－0.12）,P=0.01］、斑块内胶原纤维含量［MD=－20.05,95% CI（－37.37,－2.73）,P=0.02］。但根据敏感性分析,最大载荷值的结果需谨慎对待。结论 推拿不会降低颈动脉血流速度,也不会增加血管外周阻力和斑块内脂质核心含量,但可能会使血管弹性以及胶原纤维比例降低,斑块内巨噬细胞和新生血管增多。受纳入文献数量以及质量的限制,上述结论还需要更多高质量的研究进一步验证。     

企业有效合规整改的基本思路

有效合规整改的基本目标,是涉案企业建立一套有效预防犯罪的管理机制,达到企业依法依规经营的效果。为实现这一目标,企业合规整改应与日常性合规体系搭建具有本质的区别,将合规整改的"针对性"和"体系化"进行有机的结合。对于一个涉嫌犯罪的企业而言,一旦被纳入合规监督考察的对象,一般应引入四项基本的合规整改要素:一是在认罪认罚的前提下停止犯罪行为,积极配合刑事追诉行动,采取补救挽损措施,处理责任人;二是查找犯罪原因,发现造成犯罪发生的制度漏洞、管理隐患和治理结构的缺陷;三是针对上述漏洞、隐患和缺陷,进行有针对性的制度纠错和管理修复,切断犯罪发生的因果链条,避免同一犯罪的再次发生;四是建立一种整体的、全面的和长远的预防犯罪机制,引入有针对性的专项合规管理体系。