The legal impact of Bologna implementation: exploring criticisms and critiques of the Bologna process

This paper reviews some of the critical assessments of the Bologna Process, notably by Neave and Amaral and Teichler. Other secondary material referred to includes Reinalda and Kulesza, Corbett and Greatrix. It is arguable that the Bologna Process is part of the generally over-bureaucratic and very costly context of European Union (EU) continent-wide activity, except one that (perhaps depressingly) involves a much larger range of nations than those which are formally members of the EU. I do here need to declare an interest in that I am what in the UK is call a ‘Eurosceptic’, perceiving the EU to be a grotesquely expensive, fraudulent and sclerotic entity that is in grave danger of its major original advantage (probably avoiding a third European civil war during the second half of the last century) being significantly outweighed by its growing disadvantage as now an over-interventionist and over-ambitious and under-competent example of ‘big government’.     

关于我国社会保障税的设立原则及设计思考

征收社会保障税是我国筹集社会保障资金的主要途径 ,开征此税势在必行。在设计社会保障税时首先应当确定社会保障税的原则 ,它是设计社会保障税的前提。同时在社会保障税的纳税人、征税范围、税率、计税依据、征收管理等要素设计中 ,既要认真研究学习国外成功做法 ,又应结合我国的实际情况 ,力争制定出较为科学的社会保障税     

新出口退税政策对中国出口贸易方式的影响——事件分析法的一个新应用

2004年1～5月份,在新出口退税政策实施的背景下,中国一般贸易出口出现增速回落及比重下降。因此,出口退税新政策对中国出口贸易方式构成的影响程度成为了学术界、政府和企业关注的焦点。利用事件分析法,分别从总量效应和结构效应两个方面对此问题进行研究。实证结果表明:在总量上,一般贸易出口额与进料加工贸易出口额在新政策出台后均出现了异常增长现象,新政策的实施使增速明显下降,但降势已减弱并趋稳,短期内的平均影响并不显著;在结构上,结构效应尚未显现。然而,随着新政策的进一步实施,长期影响还有待继续深入研究,以便及时掌握其可能对贸易方式构成造成的异常波动。     

税收征管的立法完善及其现实意义

税收征管是保障国家税收工作顺利进行的重要手段 ,新修订的《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》对税收征管过程中出现的新问题做出了更加细致的规定 ,弥补了过去税收征管工作中立法不完善、操作性差的缺点 ,通过加强税务机关服务职能、推广计算机的使用 ,与国防惯例相接轨 ,为我国加入WTO消除了税收征管领域的障碍。     

税法运行机制的经济分析

税收负担是税收法律运行机制的核心内容之一,税负的轻重在于价格需求弹性的大小。税法的公平和效率是税法运行机制的必有之义。     

European group taxation-the role of exit taxes

The European Commission’s proposal to establish a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base reduces both compliance and administrative costs for European groups. The proposal would replace separate entity accounting with a profit allocation based on formula apportionment. Since formula apportionment rests on the source principle, the group faces an incentive to invest in low tax member states. Residence-based group taxation based on separate entity accounting could be an alternative. The subsidiaries’ profits and losses are attributed to the parent of the group (current inclusion), and the European group’s profit is taxed at the corporate income tax rate of the parent. The parent’s state of residence grants a foreign tax credit. Current inclusion prevents tax distortions regarding the location of investments, if no limitations on the foreign tax credit exist. A serious drawback of residence-based taxation is the incentive to move the group’s headquarter to a low tax member state. At present, this incentive is mitigated by exit taxation. Applicable exit taxation rules, however, most likely infringe upon European law. Rules that conform to European law probably abolish unfavourable liquidity effects upon exit. In net present value terms, however, exit taxes still render it burdensome for the group to move the headquarter to another member state.

税收调控中的行政立法:正名与规范

税收法定原则的实质是要求征税权由立法机关保留,但税收调控权不应由立法机关垄断,因此,税收法定原则不应笼统地适用于所有有关税收调控的立法行为。行政立法可以规范消费税的基本制度,以及仅涉及部分行业、部分地区的税收调控措施。同时,应当设立具有广泛代表性的宏观调控委员会,负责审查和批准税收调控中的所有行政立法,并且在宏观调控基本法中明确规定税收调控中行政立法的前提条件、行政立法中可选择的调控措施及调控幅度。     

税收国家及其法治构造

现代国家源起于现代意义的税收,税所具有的公共对价性、非营利性与国家的民主法治性结合而成税收国家,税收国家必须反映公共目的及国家目的的两个面向。没有税收国家,就不可能有以经济自由为中心的实质法治国家;反之,税收国家须营造一个完善法治的构造。税收国家的法律主义、平等主义和人权主义原则起源于财政民主理念,以此为导引完善财政立宪制度、财政分权制度和相关程序制度,由此为税收国家权力运作设定一个起码的边界。     

Assessing the Risk of Domestic Violence Reoffending: A Validation Study

Little research has been conducted to validate available instruments for assessing the risk of domestic violence reoffending, especially research using some form of prospective design. This study uses a prospective design to determine the reliability and validity of the Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI). The analysis is based on a sample of 1,465 male domestic violence offenders selected consecutively over a 9-month period. Data on reoffending were collected in a 6-month follow-up period from a subsample of the victims (N = 125) of these perpetrators and from official records for all perpetrators during an 18-month follow-up period. The empirical results suggest that the DVSI was administered reliably, and they provide significant evidence of the concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity of this instrument. Implications for further research and utilization of the DVSI are discussed.     

试论税收国际协调的理论与实践

随着经济全球化的发展及国际经济交往的增多,税收国际协调也将发挥越来越重要的作用。税收国际协调是国际经济交流的需要,也是促进各国经济共同繁荣的需要。税收国际协调主要通过税制改革、税收宣言和税收协定的方式,通过区域协调和国际组织协调来完成。本文论述了税收国际协调的必要性、税收国际协调的内容和主要形式以及税收国际协调的发展趋势,提出完善我国税收国际协调关系的建议。