税收负担、公共品层次与私人公共品需求——以山东省面板数据为例

个人税收负担的增长会对公共品需求产生负向影响,这一结论在西方的研究中被普遍证明。本文从中国实际出发,借助经典的中位选民模型,考察了个人税收负担对公共品需求的影响。通过对山东省17市1997～2007年的面板数据进行实证分析,发现个人税收负担对公共品需求的负向影响在中国并不普遍存在。就影响公共品需求的各因素来看,公共品需求的收入弹性以及人口拥挤效应普遍存在;个人税收负担对济南、烟台两市一般公共品需求产生负向影响,对其余15个市产生正向效应。为进一步揭示税收负担对不同层次公共品需求的影响差异,选取了教育和公共安全这两类特殊公共品进行研究。山东省17地市的个人税收负担对教育这类公共品普遍产生负向影响;对公共安全类公共品产生完全正向效应。因此,本文认为山东省一般公共品市场是供给导向的市场,税收弹性与公共品需求层次相关,建议建立引导公民合理表达公共品需求意向机制。     

Is there a displacement deadweight loss from tax evasion? Estimates using firm surveys from the Czech Republic

In the presence of the underground economy, taxes may give rise to a deadweight loss from displacement of efficient producers by inefficient producers. We consider an economy in which a producer faces two types of costs: the cost of production and of taxes. If efficiency in production is positively correlated with tax-honesty, then high tax rates may cause inefficient producers to crowd out efficient producers. We find the correlation of production efficiency and tax-honesty to be positive (between 0.1368 and 0.1673) by using surveys of 426 Czech firms taken in 2004 and 2005. We also find that firms feel threatened by rivals who evade taxes. Both findings support the notion that displacement deadweight loss exists. In a more speculative part of our paper, we use highly restrictive assumptions to arrive at estimates of displacement deadweight loss ranging from 2.7 to 13.1% of firm costs.

关于我国物业税立法的基本构想

国家税务总局在制定"十一五"计划时提出我国将积极稳妥地深化税制改革,其中包括实施城镇建设税费改革,稳步推行物业税,并相应取消相关收费。因此,适时开征物业税,已经成为我国新一轮房地产税制改革的重要内容,也成为我国财税法领域一个重要研究课题。本文通过对市场经济发达国家和地区物业税立法的比较研究,着重就我国物业税立法的必要性展开较为深入的讨论,进而提出了我国物业税立法的基本构想,希冀为推动我国正在进行中的物业税立法提供一见之得。     

How Location Efficient Is LIHTC? Measuring and Explaining State-Level Achievement

A growing recognition that the cost of transportation should be included in calculations of housing affordability has led to efforts to promote location efficiency (LE) in affordable housing policy. Because the program is responsible for most new affordable housing in the United States, the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has the potential to be a link between housing affordability and LE. This research analyzes the extent to which LIHTC units built between 2007 and 2011 were in location-efficient places. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to test the role of market, policy, developer, and urban form factors in determining state-level LIHTC LE. We find that for the nation as a whole, from a quarter to half of LIHTC units added during this period were in location-efficient places, depending on the LE criteria applied. State-by-state comparisons showed wide variation in both our absolute measures of LIHTC LE and our relative measures of LIHTC LE compared with overall housing in each state. State policy and nonprofit developers were associated with higher LIHTC LE and had a positive effect on a state’s ability to outperform its underlying urban form.     

‘The Assembly Line and Cars Come First’: Labor Relations and the Demise of Nissan Car Manufacturing in Australia

This article examines the fate of Nissan's plant in Melbourne, Australia, which the company closed in 1992. Studies of Japanese car plants that were set up in overseas markets have generally been positive, outlining how these firms were able to thrive by setting up flexible or lean production methods. In Australia, however, the company was unable to establish lean production and executives complained bitterly about union resistance to non-traditional production methods. The plant was also dogged by poor worker morale and high turnover. This is the first study of Nissan's Australian plant and it shows that not all Japanese transplants were successful.     

论纳税人的用税知情权及其实现

要保证"取之于民"的税款能够真正"用之于民",纳税人就应当对政府用税享有知情权。作为纳税人与有关国家机关之间"获知"与"告知"相关联的产物,纳税人用税知情权是一种积极性权利与消极性权利相结合的综合体,它在纳税人的权利体系中占有极其重要的地位。在我国,纳税人用税知情权的实现不仅需要相关法律体系的完善,而且需要制度保障的跟进和配套机制的建设。     

影视产业国家促进的法制建构——以财税优惠政策为视角

自2018年影视行业补税风潮以来,影视行业的税收问题就成为实务界关注的焦点,然而影视行业的税收问题不仅是自查自纠、或是改变核定征收方式,更应该追本溯源检讨其源头。本文试对以财税优惠为代表的特定的产业政策是否能够发挥其功能、国家促进影视行业所应遵循的法治路径和扮演的角色定位等实践与理论问题予以思考、回应。文章对影视产业相关优惠政策的完善提出了建议,即财税优惠作为国家权力,首先,应遵循基本的权力限制原则,即实现财税优惠的法治化,既包括政策制定也包括执行环节;其次,优惠政策不能沦为企业规避法定义务的工具,即优惠政策的适用主体也应遵循从形式到实质的标准;最后,优惠政策应有合理的绩效评价和效应分析。     

个人所得税法的空筐结构与规范续造

个人所得税法呈现"空筐"外观,实施条例及财税规范性文件循解释执行上位法、依授权制定规则、补充漏洞、创制规则四条进路实施规范续造。地方人大、政府的制度内规则创设权极其有限。税收事项技术性常被作为证成剩余立法权的理由,但此非充要条件。在组织财政收入的传统目标外,调控功能的植入吁求个税规则一定的灵活性。地区间差异使"净额所得"导向的个税规则应有区别,因地制宜的治理实践同样在应然层面消解税权集中的合理性。我国应区分财政目的规范与管制诱导性规范,施以不同程度的法定要求;在纵向适当授权的同时,在横向维度,于四条规范续造路径中分别甄选适于两类规范者。对各类规范续造,都要强化实体和程序控制,并建构审查机制。     

马克思分配正义语境中的税收调节理论及其现实指导意义

按照马克思主义的分配正义理论，按劳分配中的不公平仍然需要政府进行调剂；一定的扣除和分配必须通过政府的权威性以及立法的形式来实施，而税收是唯一通过法的形式来筹集财政收入的渠道；“按劳分配”与“按需分配”的实现都需要发挥税收的调节作用，真正的按劳分配通过税收的调节和相应的社会保障、转移支付等措施必然会导致共同富裕；但税收的征收应体现公平，应采取量能负担的原则，收入多者多缴税，还应考虑家庭人口的多少，相比利润、公债等形式，税收在调节收入分配上具有不可替代的作用；税收调节的最终目标是社会公平，而其中，直接税比间接税对高收入者的调节作用更大等。这对税收政策的制定和新一轮税制改革具有重要的指导意义。税制改革的目标应由以往的效率激励向公平、正义、有序转变。加快推进以调节收入再分配为导向的直接税体系建设，构建以完善的个人所得税为主体，以财产税和社会保障税为两翼，其他税种相互协调配合的税制体系，完善鼓励公益捐赠的税收激励机制。     

集体建设用地制度改革的征税与征收模式辨析

我国集体建设用地制度改革正面临"征收+出让"抑或"入市+征税"的模式选择难题。由于在公共基础设施成本与收益的测算、土地自然增值与非自然增值的区分以及土地增值税的税基、税率确定上存在诸多困难,征税模式在回收公共基础设施投资和实现地利共享的目标上不占优势。而且,集体经营性建设用地入市还面临后续经营上的不确定性,从而会对公共基础设施投资的回收和地利共享目标的实现带来更大风险。实际上,征税和征收绝非截然对立,土地增值税在性质、功能和效果上与土地征收有相似性,人为拔高征税地位,认为其比征收更文明的观点并不科学。因而,我们尚不能断定征税必然优于征收,故集体建设用地制度的改革仍需因地制宜,让"征收+出让"与"入市+征税"两种模式相互竞争、借鉴,并在地尽其利、地利共享的目标下获得融贯发展。