关于《行政复议法》若干问题的思考

《行政复议法》的诸多立法缺陷已在实践中严重阻碍了行政复议功能的发挥,尤其是在行政复议的立法宗旨、行政复议管辖体制和机构设置直至人员配备、行政复议的终止和中止规定以及违反《行政复议法》的法律责任追究等方面,迫切需要从制度层面予以重组和完善。     

Maintaining the Legal Status of People with Intellectual Disabilities as Parents: The ADA and the CRPD

People with intellectual disabilities face proceedings to terminate their parental rights with disturbing regularity, with protecting the interests of offspring the primary justification. Although protecting children from harm is surely critical, these termination proceedings involve problematic assumptions about how fitness to parent is understood, how parenting is legally constructed, and what nondiscrimination requires for parents with intellectual disabilities. Using Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a model, it suggests two alternatives to the all‐or‐nothing termination processes in place today that might better realize the enjoyment of legal capacity as parents on an equal basis with others for people with intellectual disabilities: limited terminations analogous to limited guardianships and supported parenting along the lines of supported decision making proposed in the CRPD.     

马克思的后政治民主模式构想——兼析“政治终结”过程中的民主模式

马克思在其著作中准确地论述了关于理想社会中的民主模式的现实前提以及民主模式的实质。马克思的民主模式鲜明地表达了“后政治”语境。这种直接民主模式既遭到了巴枯宁等无政府主义者的曲解,又受到当代自由主义者和新左派在内的西方学者的责难。而在现实的社会主义实践中也存在着类似的时序错位,未能充分意识到马克思民主模式是后政治民主或后资本主义民主的民主模式。由于这种时序错位,马克思民主模式的“后政治”语境在理论和实践中都被忽视、曲解和扭曲。     

Holy Trinities,Rivalry Termination,and Conflict

In this article we attempt to correct a number of gaps in the current literature on strategic rivalry. First, we argue that liberal and realist theories of conflict and cooperation have been generally ignored by scholars engaged in rivalry research. Secondly, we argue that current rivalry research fails to disentangle termination processes from conflict within rivalries, mainly due to problems with common operationalizations of rivalry. To bridge these gaps, we test the effects of liberal variables-manifested in the Kantian tripod (democracy, interdependence, and IGO membership)-and what we more loosely term the realist tripod (bipolarity, shared threat, and capability balance) on both rivalry termination and the probability that rivals will engage in a militarized conflict. We conduct this test utilizing a new data set of strategic rivalries compiled by Thompson (1999, 2001) which corrects the tautological operationalization of rivalry commonly used in rivalry research when conflict is the dependent variable. Overall, our results paint a variegated picture, underscoring the importance of rivalry as a special class of dyadic relationship. While realist variables better explain rivalry termination, the direction is opposite that predicted by some realist hypotheses; among liberal variables, only democracy is a robust predictor of both termination and conflict.     

Our Baby,Her Choices: The Need for Enforcement of Gestational Surrogate Contracts

Many women in the Unites States have difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a baby to term. As a result, many couples turn to gestational surrogacy. Surrogacy became public in the United States in the late 1970s. In the mid 1980s, disputes began to arise and are still prevalent today. Courts first attempted to resolve these disputes by looking for public policy guidelines. However, the results were inconsistent. Still today, there is no uniform law. Even in states where surrogate contracts are legal, courts have refused to order specific performance to enforce abortion or reduction provisions. However, courts should not shy away from this. This Note proposes a federal statute mandating that gestational surrogate contracts be enforced thus protecting the rights of intended parents.     

Parenting in Families of Low Socioeconomic Status: A Review with Implications for Child Welfare Practice

Families involved in the child welfare system overwhelmingly draw from low socioeconomic (SES) populations. Impoverished children are placed in foster care at disproportionate rates. Addressing this dynamic requires understanding the adaptations low‐income families make when parenting under adversity so that accurate assessments of their needs occur. This article focuses on two aspects of child welfare practice: the evaluation of parenting capacity and service delivery. It examines, in particular, how well current practices and guidelines, as outlined in the literature, fit with more general research on families and parenting in low‐SES environments and offers suggestions for improving practice.     

Court Considerations in the Termination of Parental Rights: A Comprehensive Analysis of Israeli Court Decisions

Court decisions to terminate parental rights (TPR) have a major impact on parents and children, but the decision‐making process is unclear. Analysis of 261 Israeli TPR court cases indicated the dominance of considerations relating to normative parental functioning, the parents' ability to change, the impact of separating a child from his family, the parents' social normativity and educational ability. The legal considerations relate to the importance of the biological family, the necessity of adoption and the importance of a fair legal process. Insufficient consideration is accorded to cultural differences in parenting practices and the voice of the child.     

论我国的刑事撤案制度

我国的刑事撤案制度在保障被追诉人合法权益和实现受害人控诉犯罪目的等功能上存在诸多不足,应当在立法上增设撤案类别,建立终止刑事追究制度、犯罪嫌疑人身份确立和撤销制度作为刑事撤案制度的补充,解决人案分离问题和公平正义问题,并通过增强刑事撤案的诉讼特性以保障当事人的参与权利和加强检察院对刑事撤案的监督。     

利他保险合同下任意解除权的利益失衡与解决路径

在利他保险合同下,我国保险法赋予投保人较强"任意性"的合同解除权,此造成被保险人或受益人保险金请求权的落空,有违"利他"之初衷。《保险法司法解释三》虽以被保险人或受益人的"赎买权"维系利他保险合同的存续,但却难以切实实施。借以行政法比例原则的适合性、必要性以及比例性三个子原则对投保人任意解除权制度予以审查,投保人任意解除权制度的目的虽然正当,但是所采取的手段与其目的不相匹配,应当对投保人任意解除权的行使进行限制。在我国的保险合同的框架下,当投保人与被保险人或受益人非为同一人时,尽管被保险人居于保险保障的核心地位,但对其合同利益的保护尚未达到足以突破合同相对性的程度,仍应以投保人作为合同当事人行使利他保险合同的解除权,且限于保险合同成立后至保险事故发生前行使。投保人解除利他保险合同前,应履行通知被保险人或受益人的义务,以满足被保险人或受益人对解除合同的知情权,从而保障被保险人或受益人"赎买权"。同时,投保人解除权的限制不仅仅包括对其积极解除合同行为的限制,还应当包括对其特定情形下消极不解除合同行为的限制,全面衡平利他保险合同下投保人、被保险人和受益人三方利益。