陕西当代教育发展回顾

本文分类简介了陕西省自新中国建立以来教育的发展,内容主要取自即将出版的《陕西当代教育史》。一是供读者简要了解陕西当代教育的发展状况,二是作为制定“十一五”规划的背景材料。     

Economic voting in a crisis: The Irish election of 2011

The paper explores a question raised by the 2011 Irish election, which saw an almost unprecedented decline in support for a major governing party after an economic collapse that necessitated an ECB/IMF ‘bailout’. This seems a classic case of ‘economic voting’ in which a government is punished for incompetent performance. How did the government lose this support: gradually, as successive economic indicators appeared negative, or dramatically, following major shocks? The evidence points to losses at two critical junctures. This is consistent with an interpretation of the link between economics and politics that allows for qualitative judgements by voters in assigning credit and blame for economic performance.     

Forecasting the 2015 British election through party popularity functions

To forecast the May 7, 2015 British General Election, we develop party popularity models based on Continuous Monitoring Survey (CMS) data from April 2004 to February 2015. Our models predict party vote shares three months prior to the election, using previous support levels, national economic evaluations, macro-partisanship and political measures. Our Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) methodology allows us to predict support for the Tories, Labour, Liberal Democrats and “other” parties, separately, yet simultaneously, by constraining total support for all parties to 100%. Our model, estimated with data from February 2015, predicts that Labour will win the highest vote share in Great Britain, but that no party will win a majority of seats in parliament.     

黑格尔论“自由’’的现实性——读黑格尔《精神现象学》第四章“意识自身确定性的真理”

"自由"之"创造性"使"精神""开创"自己的"世界","精神"在这个世界中"保持"并"发现"自己,亦即在"必然"的世界保持着自己的"自由"。在"精神""回归自由"的道路上,须得"克服"、"扬弃"怀疑主义和斯多亚主义两个极端倾向。由"怀疑主义"导向"斯多亚主义"乃是"精神""贫困"之路,"哲学"应指出"精神""致富"之路。"精神"不仅有能力"外化-异化",同时也有能力"内化-己化"。"精神"携带自己创造的财富回到自身,乃是"历史性"的一种存在方式。     

Forensic investigation of OOXML format documents

MS Office documents could be illegally copied by offenders, and forensic investigators still face great difficulty in investigating and tracking the source of these illegal copies. This paper mainly proposes a forensic method based on the unique value of the revision identifier (RI) to determine the source of suspicious electronic documents. This method applies to electronic documents which use Office Open XML (OOXML) format, such as MS Office 2007, Mac Office 2008 and MS Office 2010. According to the uniqueness of the RI extracted from documents, forensic investigators can determine whether the suspicious document and another document are from the same source. Experiments demonstrate that, for a copy of an electronic document, even if all the original characters are deleted or formatted by attackers, forensic examiners can determine that the copy and the original document are from the same source through detecting the RI values. Additionally, the same holds true if attackers just copy some characters from the original document to a newly created document. As long as there is one character left whose original format has not been cleared, forensic examiners can determine that the two documents are from the same source using the same method. This paper also presents methods for OOXML format files to detect the time information and creator information, which can be used to determine who the real copyright holder is when a copyright dispute occurs.     

UNTIL DEATH DO US PART? WHY COURTS SHOULD EXPAND PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENTS TO INCLUDE TEN‐YEAR MARRIAGES

It has become apparent that marriage, while still strongly valued by society and government, has become less appealing to Americans as a whole. The changes taking place in society, whether economic or moral, have resulted in married couples becoming the minority in the United States. This decrease demonstrates that there is a need for reform, and that couples need to be provided with new options that will incentivize them to choose this union over cohabitation. This Note will discuss how expanding prenuptial agreements to allow couples to contract to the length of their marriage may help to accomplish that goal. This expansion will give couples the ability to tailor their relationship to fit their individual expectations and quell the reservations commonly associated with formalized relationships. Furthermore, such an expansion would be consistent with current law regulating premarital agreements and would still allow state governments to remain involved in regulation, making it less drastic of a reform than privatization.     

Daring to Be Heard: Advertorials by Organized Interests on the Op-Ed Page of The New York Times , 1985-1998

Advertorials are a form of outside lobbying that organized interests use to influence policymakers and attentive publics. It is apparent from their popularity that organized interests consider them to be an effective form of political communication. This article analyzes 2,805 organized interest advertorials that appeared on the lower right quadrant of The New York Times op-ed page from 1985 to 1998. Advertorials take two broad forms: (a) image advertorials, which are paid messages by organized interests designed to create a favorable climate of opinion, and (b) advocacy advertorials, which are sponsored messages intended to win support for an interest's viewpoints on controversial issues. Typologies of advertorials (11 categories), organized interests (21 categories), corporate and noncorporate economic interests (29 categories), and policy content (28 categories) are used to document annually and over time who is sponsoring advertorials, what types of advertorials are being used, what interests avail themselves of advertorial campaigns, which issue areas are receiving attention, what images and policy messages are being communicated, which organizations sponsor the most advertorials, and the timing of such political advertising campaigns. We find over time an increasing number of advertorials, an increasing number and diversity of sponsoring interest organizations, an increasing trend toward advocacy advertorials, a continuing but declining sponsorship dominance by corporate interests, a shifting policy issue emphasis that corresponds to events in the political environment, and evidence that organized interests employ a variety of sponsorship strategies.     

Understanding the media/terrorism relationship: An analysis of ideology and the news in time magazine

Conservative terrorism scholars have made the claim that the media have become a propaganda tool for terrorists and sympathetically portray terrorist activities. This article provides quantitative and qualitative data from Time magazine in 1986 suggesting that this view is mistaken. News production is treated as a social process that both informs and obscures, rather than as a neutral process that simply provides ‘objective’ facts. The results of the investigation reveal seven ways in which ideology is manifested in the terrorism news: semantics, language, headlines, social and historical context, treatment of objectives, trivialization, and amplification of violence. The ideological uniformity and lack of diversity apparent in terrorism news suggests that this kind of treatment results in a lack of understanding of the media/terrorism relationship and serves to support conservative views about the nature of terrorism and appropriate responses to it.     

对海德格尔和列维纳斯死亡概念的比较分析

死亡是哲学的永恒主题。海德格尔将死亡定义为一种不可能的可能性。与此相反,列维纳斯将死亡界定为“可能性的不可能性”。海德格尔给“不可能性”以优先性,对他来说,作为此在的我们面对的死亡是一种无法超越的可能性。我们也可以说,海德格尔从死亡的角度观察生命。而列维纳斯则是将死亡与生命的观点一起考虑,因为他觉得只有生命才能为我们打开可能性;从生命的视角看,死亡是所有可能性的终结,即不可能性。     

用RT-PCR法区别生前与死后伤

12只SD大鼠随机分为生前伤、死后伤、麻醉伤和正常对照四组，损伤时间为15min，取创缘皮肤为检材；IL－6引物为寡聚核着酸引物（27hP），内对照引物为Tx基因（20hP），用TRIZOLTMTotalRNA提取试剂盒抽据总RNA，AMV逆转录酶使mRNA逆转录成cDNA，PCR扩增得出：在生前伤、麻醉伤以及正常皮肤中均能扩增出IL－6cDNA片段（590hp）和内对照Tx基因片段（188b），在死后伤组只能扩增出Tx基因片段；图像分析凝胶灰度扫描；生前损伤组与麻醉组无显著性差异，而二者与正常皮肤组有统计学差异。藉此，运用RT－PCR法可以准确区别大鼠实验性损伤的生前伤与死后伤。