关于“应当”一词的立法建议

在立法表达中,存在许多用来联结法律规范各个组成部分的虚词,如"可以"、"必须"、"不得"、"应当"等,这其中"应当"是用的最多的.然而,由于学界长期以来对关于如上虚词研究的忽视,使得我国当前立法中存在一些对虚词使用不当的情形.因此,如何在今后的立法中避免再次出现类似的问题就成为了学界所必须关注的问题.     

我国物权法应采纳物权行为的独立性理论

我国物权法可以不采纳物权行为的无因性理论,但不应置物权合意的存在、物权行为的独立性于不顾;物权行为是一种客观存在,其成立与效力适用法律行为的一般规则,但有其自身特色;不能因为物权行为的有因无因而否认物权行为的独立存在。文章并且提出《物权法(草案)》修改的具体建议,在诸多观点上具有新意和可操作性。     

劳动者知情权的法律思考

知情权是指公民知悉、获取信息的自由与权利 ,它是指人们有权了解他应该知道的事情。它包括的范围很广 ,如对有关的个人信息 ,对社会出现的新鲜事物 ,对国家的政治、经济发展状况等都有了解的权利 ,劳动者的知情权也是其内容之一。应尽最大限度地保护弱者 ,给予劳动者较多的知情权 ,以便实现其劳动权。知情权的行使要有限度。     

作为超法规违法阻却事由的习惯法--刑法视域下习惯法违法性判断机能之开辟

习惯法在刑法领域中,具有贯穿刑事立法与刑事司法之"横截式"作用与机能.本文的理论目标正在于,开辟和释放习惯法在违法性判断阶段之重要功能.在作者看来,习惯法完全可以作为超法规的违法阻却事由发挥作用,法官可以习惯法上之正当性,排除行为之实质违法性.这不但不与罪刑法定原则相违背,而且有利于保障被告人人权;不仅有利于以收缩的实质理性对抗扩张的形式理性,而且也应合了"社会相当性理论"和"社会危害性理论"--这一违法阻却事由的一般基础和实质违法性判断之根本标准.甚至,习惯法的引入,还将有力地深化和拓展我们对于"社会相当性"与"社会危害性"这一范畴的横向理解和空间理解.     

GC Analysis of Black Gel Pen Ink Stored under Different Conditions

In many criminal and civil cases in China, the most commonly questioned documents are those written with gel pen ink. An important task for forensic document examiners is to identify whether two or more ink entries in one or more documents were written with the same ink type. The identification of the age of gel ink entries made poses an important and difficult problem for forensic document examiners. In this paper, the volatile components of gel ink were determined and the gel ink was classified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Calibration curves were created to express the relationship between the content of volatile gel ink components and the age of gel ink entries stored under natural and UV‐induced aging conditions. The correspondence between the natural and UV‐induced aging conditions was also established. The experimental results showed that GC was useful in the analysis of black gel ink and applicable for determining the relative age of gel ink entries under certain conditions.     

Default entitlements in personal data in the proposed Regulation: Informational self-determination off the table … and back on again?

This paper aims to assess the proposed General Data Protection Regulation through the framework of default entitlements in personal data. The notion of default entitlements comes from economic analysis of law and provides new insights into the implications of the data protection reform. While, under the principle of informational self-determination the default entitlements should lie with the individual, the Commission is shown to assign a great deal of default rights to others, including the Information Industry. This article cautions against the possibility of reducing the European system of data protection rooted in the values of individual autonomy and informational self-determination to a mere set of administrative rules channelling the flow of personal data, yet without a clear direction.     

通信权的宪法释义与审查框架--兼与杜强强、王锴、秦小建教授商榷

在"法院调取通话记录""交警查手机"等实践争议引导下,学者们借助基本权利限制的"保护范围—限制—限制的合宪性论证"的审查框架,推进了通信权的宪法释义。但将通话记录排除出通信权的保护范围,并不能有效解决实践难题,且因为过早窄化保护范围而会影响基本权利的保护效果。诉诸隐私权或者个人信息权的方案亦难以成立。应认识到《宪法》第40条存在因制宪者预见不足而产生的宪法漏洞。如果将"检查通信"理解为"示例性规定",则《宪法》第40条容有对通信权限制的其他可能性。在"通信内容"和"非内容的通信信息"分层构造下,可以建立起既能回应生活事实和实践争议,又能落实宪法严格保护目标的教义学体系和审查框架。基本权利个论的研究,有助于反思基本权利保护范围的"宽界定"或"窄界定",以及法律保留体系的普适性等基本权利总论问题。     

Catches to the right to be forgotten,looking from an administrative law perspective to data processing by public authorities

Public authorities process personal data. In most cases these data are processed because there is a legal obligation to do so, or because processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest. The right to be forgotten or to erasure will, in this situation, play a limited role in the protection of the rights of the individual. There is even a public interest in maintaining archives, thus in not forgetting. At the same time, the possibility exists that not forgetting might be more valuable for the protection of rights of data subjects then forgetting. In the case of data processing by public authorities, it is important that the processing is based on a law. A close watch should be held on the grounds that public authorities use to justify the processing. As the right to be forgotten will play a limited role in the protection of the rights of data subjects in the case of data processed by public authorities, it is important to emphasize the right of access and rectification of data. It is therefore essential that the controller is transparent to the public with regard to the processing of data.     

The right to be forgotten – private law enforcement

Private law enforcement of the right to be forgotten should be considered in light of the general characteristics of private law. This highlights advantages and limitations, and underlines the need to explicate the actual interests involved in the right to be forgotten. As case law and real-life examples show, enforcement is mostly feasible but may be costly. The right to be forgotten is most effective against large, bona fide corporations. This analysis provides a more realistic view of the possibilities of private law enforcement of newly proclaimed rights.     

基层公安机关适用治安调解应注意的几个问题

治安调解是我国调解制度中行政调解的重要组成部分,它对于缓解民间矛盾,减少违法犯罪和不安定因素,维护社会的和谐稳定起着重要作用,它体现了我国教育与处罚相结合、以教育为主的治安管理处罚原则。公安机关应当本着化解矛盾纠纷、维护社会稳定、构建和谐社会的要求,依法尽量予以调解处理。调解也是一种处理治安案件的结案方式,所以,基层公安派出所应重视做好治安调解工作。