中国食品安全监管——基于体制变迁与绩效评估的实证研究

自新中国成立以来,中国食品安全管理体制经历了一个怎样的历史变化过程?从历史制度分析的方法论出发,如何从监管者、监管对象以及监管过程三个角度来界定这样的历史变化过程?现行的食品安全监管体制绩效如何?根据不同时期食品安全管理主体、对象以及政策工具的差异,将建国以来我国食品安全管理体制区分为指令型体制、混合型体制与监管型体制三个阶段,同时对不同阶段的发展脉络、具体特征以及体制利弊进行了归纳总结。此外,选择了四个具有代表性的指标,对1990年至今的中国食品安全变化态势进行了测量,发现我国食品安全的形势经历了一个明显的V型曲线发展过程,并据此对这一过程提出自己的解释假设,以此为中国食品安全监管的历史和现状提供一个白描式的描述图景。结合历史制度主义的分析范式,从四个方面综合分析出制约中国食品安全监管绩效优化的四大结构性因素,从而将其监管绩效的现状与历史制度根源联系起来,提出未来中国食品安全监管体制的改革方向。     

国家级经济技术开发区综合评价模型实证研究

针对如何建立评价开发区的指标体系以及如何建立开发区的综合评价模型的问题,构建了评价我国国家级经济技术开发区的指标体系,结合商务部评价我国国家级经济技术开发区的评价方法以及所承担研究课题中的实际调研结果,建立了评价开发区的综合指标体系,其中包含8个综合指标、78个二级指标。检验了综合指标之间的相关关系,建立了我国国家级经济技术开发区综合评价模型,并进行了实证检验,结果表明:开发区基础设施的完善程度、社会及环境的优良程度和创新能力的强弱,是评价我国开发区的主要指标;经营成本、人力资源、管理体制、发展与效率和综合经济均是正相关关系,其对开发区的综合经济能力也有较大影响。对实践中我国国家级经济技术开发区的综合指标评价提供了有效的方法。     

创新执法质量监督机制科学评估依法行政水平

北京市公安局的执法质量评估预警机制是首都公安依法行政进程中的一项内部执法监督机制创新。该机制以强化执法监督、推进首都公安依法行政、强调公安执法法律效果和社会效果的统一为主要内容,紧密围绕公安法定职责,以执法质量管理为核心,引入现代执法管理手段,实现了对全局执法质量的等级化管理,对有效掌控全局执法态势、推进依法行政工作起了重要作用。同时,也对建立健全依法行政评估考核机制的探索具有重大理论和实践意义。     

Promoting NGO–academic partnerships for population,health, and environment learning

Population, health, and environment (PHE) projects integrate family planning, community health, conservation, and livelihoods activities into a single effort. Despite growing calls for integrated services, relatively little academic research on PHE has been published, which has hampered the development of the approach. This article argues that additional partnerships between academics and NGOs are necessary to further advance learning around PHE. However, such partnerships need not be approached in the same way. The article discusses barriers that currently impede the development of stronger partnerships and adapts (Roper, L. 2002. “Achieving Successful Academic-Practitioner Research Collaborations.” Development in Practice 12 (3–4): 338–345) typology of NGO–academic partnership models to describe how different relationship types are currently leveraged within the PHE community.     

Can technology change the existing culture? Case study on Bangladesh’s public sector

This article highlights the challenges development aid donors can face in Bangladesh’s post-colonial culture, as well as substantiating how lack of quality control in an aid project can influence local values, beliefs, and subjective experiences. The article also suggests that improving quality control, such as through monitoring and evaluation (M&E), can generate greater impact of development aid resources.     

Assessing the impacts of a peer-to-peer training programme for women in Peru

This article reports on research that aimed to assess the economic and social impacts of a peer-to-peer training programme targeted to women in Peru, looking at overall and differentiated impacts according to design features, on a sample of 300 women in participant and non-participant communities. The study found significant positive impacts on women’s time devoted to work outside the house and in their saving propensity, although no significant change on time allocated to domestic activities. It also detected some effects on an index of family cohesion and on home improvements. Finally, there was evidence that some design features influence the magnitude and significance of these impacts.     

基于价值分析的学位授权制度评估

我国学位授权制度建立以来对社会发展、经济建设和科技进步起到了积极推动作用,但随着社会的发展与变化,现行学位授权制度的不适应性已非常明显,有必要对其进行评估与改革。在界定了学位授权制度的工具价值和终极价值的基础上,从利益相关者视角出发对其进行了评估。结果表明,由于居主导地位的政府过分关注制度的工具价值而忽略其终极价值是问题的根源所在,在实施中表现为无法有效适应社会需求,并受到高校机会主义行为的强烈冲击。以博弈论为工具剖析了问题的现实起源,进而指出行政首长推动的,以平衡不同价值取向、吸纳各利益相关者参与制度运行为手段的制度演化将是其实现变革的可行路径。     

"政绩式改革"的生成逻辑及其治理路径

党的十八大以来,地方政府改革和创新的热情不断高涨,诞生了以"最多跑一次""街道吹哨、部门报到"等较为典型的改革模式,得到中央的认可并在全国推广。但同时也要看到,地方自主行为空间的增大和上级对于地方政府官员绩效考核指标从单纯的注重经济增长到经济发展与改革创新并重的转变,使得地方政府官员的行为策略发生明显变化,相伴而生的就是"政绩式改革"问题日渐凸显。"政绩式改革"的存在,使得地方治理易于陷入政府工作重心发生偏离、治理资源出现错配或无效配置、公共政策缺乏稳定性和连续性、真正干实事的干部难以获得晋升等问题。而增强顶层设计方案的可操作性、提高居民满意度在地方官员绩效考核指标体系中的权重、帮助地方政府官员树立正确理性的改革观和维持地方政府政策的稳定性和连续性是治理"政绩式改革"的基本路径。     

论信用行政评价的属性及其司法控制——一种后果取向的分析视角

信用行政评价是信用行政惩戒制度中的关键环节,其合法性对后续惩戒措施的合法性具有决定作用。关于其行为性质与可诉性,理论上存在行政处罚、行政确认、主动信息公开和行政事实行为四种认识。司法实践中,法院虽然通过严格的规范演绎推理否定了信用行政评价的行政处罚属性,但是未能就其行为性质与可诉性达成肯定而统一的认识。后果解释在信用评价案件中具有可适用性,通过澄清隐藏在司法判决中的后果考量,并以后果权衡的均衡性为标准,应当将信用评价定性为行政确认和政府主动的信息公开。在审查进路上,法院应进行独立审查和分类审查,根据不同的行为定性采取不同的审查强度,建构不同的审查标准。     

Cordaid's experience with impact evaluation

In 2007, Cordaid started a pilot on participatory impact assessment, intended to enhance accountability and to improve learning. The methodology was based on quasi-experimental design, complemented with qualitative research. This case study illustrates the challenges INGOs and their partners face in their attempt to find a rigorous yet, relevant, useful, and socially acceptable methodology for evaluation and impact assessment purposes. While most local NGOs participating in this pilot consider (parts of) this methodology useful for their learning, this approach proves unsuitable, costly, and inappropriate for an INGO such as Cordaid since it does not respond to its own accountability and learning needs.

Cortaid et leur expérience avec l'évaluation d'impact

En 2007, Cordaid a lancé un programme pilote sur l’évaluation participative de l'impact, dont l'objectif était d'améliorer la redevabilité et l'apprentissage. La méthodologie se basait sur la conception quasi-expérimentale, assortie de recherches qualitatives. Cette étude de cas illustre les défis que les ONGI et leurs partenaires doivent relever au moment de trouver une méthodologie rigoureuse, mais aussi pertinente, utile et socialement acceptable aux fins des évaluations en général et de celles de l'impact en particulier. Si la plupart des ONG qui prennent part à ce programme pilote considèrent que (certaines parties de) cette méthodologie est (sont) utile(s) pour leur apprentissage, cette approche se révèle inadaptée, coûteuse et peu appropriée pour une ONGI comme Cordaid, car elle ne répond pas à ses propres besoins en matière de redevabilité et d'apprentissage.

Cortaid y su experiencia con la evaluación del impacto

En 2007, Cordaid inició una experiencia piloto sobre evaluaciones de impacto participativas, cuyo objetivo consistió en mejorar la rendición de cuentas y el aprendizaje. La metodología utilizada se fundamentó en un diseño semiexperimental, que fue complementado con investigaciones cualitativas. El presente estudio de caso ilustra los retos enfrentados por las ONGI y por sus aliados en su intento por encontrar una metodología rigurosa, pertinente, útil y socialmente aceptable para fines de evaluación y de valoración de impacto. Si bien la mayoría de las ONG locales participantes en esta experiencia piloto consideró que esta metodología, o partes de la misma, era útil para su aprendizaje, el método demostró ser inadecuado, costoso e inapropiado para una ONGI como Cordaid, debido a que no atendió sus propias necesidades en las áreas de rendición de cuentas y de aprendizaje.

Cortaid e sua experiência com avaliação de impacto

Em 2007, a Cordaid iniciou um projeto-piloto sobre avaliação participativa de impacto destinado a melhorar a prestação de contas e aperfeiçoar o aprendizado. A metodologia foi baseada em um modelo quase-experimental, complementado com pesquisa qualitativa. Este estudo de caso ilustra os desafios que as ONGIs e seus parceiros enfrentam em sua tentativa de encontrar uma metodologia rigorosa, porém relevante, útil e socialmente aceitável para fins de avaliação e análise de impacto. Embora a maioria das ONGs locais que participam deste projeto-piloto considere parte dessa metodologia útil para seu aprendizado, essa abordagem mostra-se insustentável, cara e inapropriada para uma ONGI como a Cordaid pois não atende às suas próprias necessidades de prestação de contas e aprendizado.