THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS ON HIRING EX‐OFFENDERS*

Research Summary The rapid increase in the nation's incarceration rate over the past decade has raised questions about how to reintegrate a growing number of ex‐offenders successfully. Employment has been shown to be an important factor in reintegration, especially for men over the age of 27 years who characterize most individuals released from prison. This article explores this question using unique establishment‐level data collected in Los Angeles in 2001. On average, we replicate the now‐common finding that employer‐initiated criminal background checks are negatively related to the hiring of ex‐offenders. However, this negative effect is less than complete. The effect is strongly negative for those employers that are legally required to perform background checks, which is not surprising because these legal requirements to perform checks are paired with legal prohibitions against hiring ex‐offenders. However, some employers seem to perform checks to gain additional information about ex‐offenders (and thus hire more ex‐offenders than other employers), and checking seems to have no effect on hiring ex‐offenders for those employers not legally required to perform checks. Policy Implications One public policy initiative that has received considerable attention is to deny employers access to criminal history record information, which includes movements to “ban the box” that inquires about criminal history information on job applications. The assumption underlying this movement is that knowledge of ex‐offender status leads directly to a refusal to hire. The results of this analysis show that policy initiatives aimed at restricting background checks, particularly for those firms not legally required to perform checks, may not have the desired consequences of increasing ex‐offender employment. This result is consistent with an alternative view that some employers care about the characteristics of the criminal history record and use information about criminal history in a more nuanced, nondiscrete way.     

Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006: the implications for employers in educational settings

Vetting those who work with children and vulnerable adults is an emotive topic and one which can prove a challenging area for employers. The legitimate interest that parents, carers and employers have in screening those charged with the care of others can be in direct conflict with the most fundamental principles of economic freedom and employees’ human rights. The desire to balance these conflicting objectives is at the heart of the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, which introduces what is being heralded as the most inclusive and comprehensive vetting and barring system to date. The changes dramatically widen the scope of workers who are subject to vetting and barring processes, covering employees, volunteers and contractors in the education, care and health industries, and affecting some 11.3 million people in the UK. This new scheme is of particular relevance and importance to schools and other educational institutions, who will be directly affected by the changes. This article will examine the practical employment implications of the new regime and the new obligations that the Vetting and Barring Scheme creates for both employers and employees.     

完善社会保障制度 破解大学生就业难题——以吉林省为视角

目前,针对大学生就业存在的结构性失衡和毕业生权益得不到保障等问题,在对地区之间、机关企（事）业单位之间社会保障的不平衡进行分析后发现,吉林省在大学生就业去向的配套政策上存在着薄弱环节,社会保障水平对大学生就业去向存在明显影响。因此,必须加快社会保障体系建设,以促进大学生顺利就业。     

我国家政业服务人员法律适用选择——从民法和劳动法的角度

根据现行法的规定,家政服务人员在法律适用上面临着＂民法抑或劳动法＂的单一选择。是否所有的家政服务人员都应适用劳动法,对此,应在分析法律关系性质和雇佣关系、劳动关系及其法律调整的基础之上进行思考。     

吉林省民营经济发展与劳动力就业探究

就业与再就业工作是吉林省老工业基地在调整改造过程中面临的重要问题。在当前和未来一个较长的时期内，吉林省就业形势依然严峻，就业和再就业任务依然繁重。过多剩余劳动力对吉林省社会稳定和经济发展非常不利。实践证明，民营经济是吸纳劳动力就业的重要途径，大力发展民营经济是解决吉棘省严峻就业形势的良方。     

高校在促进大学生就业中的职责定位与政府管理的法律纬度

高校在大学生就业问题上的角色界定模糊,政府主导的就业率导向和行政化管理体制是其深层原因。法治政府的权力治理要求政府的权力行使应有相应的法律纬度。解决问题的途径是淡化高校与政府间的＂行政关系＂,发挥政府服务功能,依法落实高校办学自主权,回归高校的办学本质。     

RACE-SPECIFIC EMPLOYMENT CONTEXTS AND RECIDIVISM*

Although much literature has examined macrolevel employment contexts and crime rates and, at the individual level, employment and offending, few studies have examined systematically whether macrolevel employment contexts influence individual-level offending. At the same time, emerging literature on prisoner reentry increasingly underscores the potential importance of the social environment for impeding or facilitating successful transitions back into society. All three avenues of inquiry have emphasized the salience of race-specific and offense-specific effects. This study extends prior work on ecology and offending, employment and crime, and prisoner reentry by examining the race-specific effects of unemployment rates and manufacturing employment rates on violent, property, and drug recidivism. By analyzing data on male ex-prisoners released to 67 counties in Florida, we found, as hypothesized, that Black ex-prisoners released to areas with higher Black male unemployment rates have a greater likelihood of violent recidivism. No comparable effect was identified for White exprisoners. However, we found that White ex-prisoners, especially those without prior violent convictions, have a lower likelihood of violent recidivism when released to areas with higher White male manufacturing employment rates. We discuss the findings and their implications for theory, research, and policy.     

高校“以生为本”学生管理工作的思路

在高校学生管理工作中树立“以生为本”的指导思想，就是要树立“以生为本”的管理工作理念和新思路。确立学生在高校管理工作中的主体地位，营造更富人性化的育人氛围，这是促进学生成才和就业的重要管理途径和内在要求，也是在高校的人才培养中贯彻和落实科学发展观的要求。     

EXPLAINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY*

Most criminological theories predict an inverse relationship between employment and crime, but teenagers' involvement in paid work during the school year is correlated positively with delinquency and substance use. Whether the work–delinquency association is causal or spurious has been debated for a long time. This study estimates the effect of paid work on juvenile delinquency using longitudinal data from the national Monitoring the Future project. We address issues of spuriousness by using a two-level hierarchical model to estimate the relationships of within-individual changes in juvenile delinquency and substance use to those in paid work and other explanatory variables. We also disentangle the effects of actual employment from the preferences for employment to provide insight about the likely role of time-varying selection factors tied to employment, delinquency, school engagement, and leisure activities. Whereas causal effects of employment would produce differences based on whether and how many hours respondents worked, we found significantly higher rates of crime and substance use among nonemployed youth who preferred intensive versus moderate work. Our findings suggest the relationship between high-intensity work and delinquency results from preexisting factors that lead youth to desire varying levels of employment.     

中国妇女就业与可持续发展

妇女的就业是社会可持续发展的一个不容忽视的问题。现阶段妇女就业面临的困境是由多种因素造成的 ,必须从转变观念、完善政策法规、提高素质、改进就业方式上为解决妇女就业问题创造良好条件。