试论经济犯罪案件初查的法律地位

由于经济犯罪案件侦查的特殊性,初查工作在经济犯罪案件侦查中具有重要的作用。但是,由于初查的法律地位不明确,导致在司法实践中产生了一些困惑,给案件的办理带来了一些困难。因而应明确规定初查是刑事诉讼立案前的调查工作,其目的是决定是否提起刑事诉讼。     

信赖原则在医疗过失中的运用

本文认为,可以在医疗过失的认定中适用信赖原则免除或减轻行为人的医疗事故的罪刑事责任,可以将医疗过失中的信赖分为医疗行为人之间的信赖与医疗行为人和就诊人之间的信赖,并区分两种情况分别研究了信赖原则适用的条件;不适当地信赖将产生监督过失责任。     

利用内部集合资金信托的融资实践

扩大招生规模对高等学校而言，既是对学校 办学条件的挑战，也是学校难得的发展机遇。然 而，随着招生规模的不断扩大，学校扩容任务也相 应增加，经费投人不足与学校事业发展对资金需 求扩大的矛盾日渐突出，学校基本建设、基本办学 条件保障、基本设施改造压力很大，资金不足     

基层公安机关成立警训队的探索与实践

成立警训队是基层公安机关进行民警教育培训的新模式。警训队作为公安机关的一支“预备队”。应始终保持一定的数量,融实战和培训为一体,随时应对和处置各类突发事件,采用“战训合一”的教育训练模式。上海市公安局闵行分局在基层公安机关抓好民警教育培训工作方面走出了一条新路子。     

《证券法》2019年修订背景下股权代持的区分认定

股权代持是现代商事交易中实现资本所有权与资本控制权分离的工具之一,这一体现商事自由的委托出资方式在实践中被广泛适用。我国《公司法司法解释(三)》肯定了委托出资关系的法律效力及实际出资人权益。但最高人民法院近两年在上市公司以及金融机构股权代持纠纷个案中连续确认股权代持协议因违规并危害社会公共利益而无效,使得代持协议的效力认定陷入不确定风险之中。《证券法》2019年修订将上市公司"股权结构的重要变化"明确列为重大事件,而股权代持作为重要的股权结构变化情形之一属于应当进行信息披露的内容,股权代持风险有可能通过充分的信息披露进行防控。实践中一概将股权代持关系不加区分地视为监管规范中所禁止的委托代持,混淆了委托代持与信托代持以及消极信托代持与积极信托代持的差异,并不能真正实现监管的初衷。股权代持由于代持原因、代持方式以及被代持主体的不同,产生的风险有很大差异,应该得到不同的法律评价。宜在对股权代持事实要素区分识别的基础上对其法律关系和法律后果进行规范层面的区分认定。违规股权及其收益如何处置以及行政监管与司法审判的界限如何划分,这些都应依据股权代持的具体情境作出综合考量。     

Return to Europe – A double-edged sword for notaries? The case of Poland and Hungary

Using Poland as a case study, the Polish sociologist Piotr Sztompka has demonstrated most persuasively the significance of trust (and distrust) as a key to the analysis and understanding of socio-political and socio-cultural developments in Central Europe in the transition to democracy. Sztompka's study ends upbeat with a brief glance at the situation in the late 1990s. Had the book been written a decade later, it would have revealed that the path ahead has remained rocky. Public trust in governments, politicians and public institutions generally has remained a scarce commodity.It is against this background that the restoration of an independent civil law notariat, as an integral part of the ‘return to Europe’ project, has occurred in Poland, and, mutatis mutandis, in other Central European countries. However, following a first decade of successful transformation from state employment to liberal profession, notaries in Central Europe now find that it is precisely because they have embraced the status of Western-style liberal professionals that they are coming under attack by both the European Commission and their own national governments. As a result, they have had to embark on a process of reconsideration of their position in order to ensure the profession's survival. This paper traces and compares developments in Poland and Hungary. As can be expected there is a strong common denominator between them. But equally and more interestingly, there are distinctive national features which now, as ‘bloc history’ recedes, are coming increasingly to the fore.     

Quality challenger emergence under the top-two primary: Comparing one-party and two-party general election contests

Prior research finds that the emergence of a quality challenger is one of the most important factors predicting whether incumbents will be vulnerable. Reformers in California and Washington envisioned that the top-two primary reform would increase electoral competition by allowing for general election contests that feature two same-party candidates in safe districts. In this research note, I investigate the degree to which these expectations have been fulfilled by looking at the prevalence of quality challengers in U.S. House contests. I compare one-party and two-party general election contests, finding that incumbents are significantly more likely to face a quality challenger from the same party than from the opposite party, all else equal. In contrast, when both states used traditional primaries prior to reform, incumbents were no more likely to face a quality challenger in the primary election than in the general election. Findings reveal a key way in which the top-two primary may fulfill reformers’ expectations and complement our understanding of how electoral institutions condition challenger entry decisions.