Do multilingual androids dream of a better life in Australia? Effectiveness of information technology for government translation to support refugees and migrants in Australia

Without high‐quality translation of online information about government support and services, refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia experience a major barrier to improved health, employment, education and social outcomes. Recent advances in the ability of Google Translate, Skype Translator and other forms of machine translation that use artificial intelligence can help translate government information to better support refugees and migrants but they bring the risk of ineffective communication, and exclusion from services that could positively impact on settlement experiences and daily life. Evidence suggests that government agencies are likely to be using human translators for most translation work, but the degree to which any form of information technology is used, how it may be best applied and the associated effects are not known. This study systematically reviewed the peer‐reviewed and grey literature to determine effective ways of using information technology for translating government information to refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. Included studies were analysed to identify techniques and other characteristics of translation, information technology and language support more broadly, and outcomes on education, health, social and other refugee and migrant experiences relating to translated information. Our review found a small evidence base featuring studies with strong evaluation demonstrating effective forms of ‘language support’ for refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia in a broad sense. However, there is a major gap in knowledge that is contributing to barriers in the use of online government information in Australia. In particular, there is an absence of evidence demonstrating what is effective in the use of machine translation with artificial intelligence, websites and other kinds of information technology for translating government information with refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The oversight risks further excluding already marginalised groups from services and support. This paper makes a number of suggestions practitioners can take to address the issue and guidelines for future research.     

论轻刑化在我国的实现

轻刑化,指对于已经确定为犯罪的行为,如果以较轻的刑事责任方式足以抑止和预防某种犯罪行为,就不要使用较重的刑事责任方式。轻刑化是刑法谦抑性的应有内涵、是保护人权的需要、是罪责刑相适应原则的要求、是实现刑罚目的的需要。轻刑化是一个相对的概念,轻刑化的适用要以犯罪行为的存在为前提。同时,轻刑化需要从立法、司法等多个方面来实现。     

浅谈语块理论在警务英语翻译中的运用

语块是语言中结构相对固定、整体预制、易于提取的表达形式。在警务英语翻译中运用语块不仅有必要性,而且还有可行性。要有针对性地建立警务英语语料库,有目的地储备警务英语语块,扩展翻译单位,加快信息处理,促进翻译过程,提高翻译的准确性、专业性和时效性。     

边际效用递减理论在习语翻译中的应用——谈归化与异化的均衡点

分析目前翻译领域有关归化/异化翻译策略的研究成果,以及其他学科研究方法和理论在翻译研究中的应用,可以将经济学中的边际效用递减理论应用于归化与异化在文学作品中习语翻译的研究。简单解释的归化法、详细解释的归化法和异化法在习语翻译中会产生三种不同的心理状态,为达到读者阅读效用最大化,应理性选择归化与异化翻译策略,实现话语语境背景下的动态均衡。     

试论商务英语翻译以直译为主的翻译原则

以直译为主的商务英语翻译原则,强调译文必须忠实于原文,全面准确阐明原作的含义,保持原作原有的风格。商务英语翻译要求译者选词要准确,概念表达要确切,物与名所指要正确。商务英语翻译原则与直译的翻译原则相吻合,准确性与其忠实于原文的内容相吻合,专业性与其保持原文的结构形式、行文规范相吻合,实用性与其语言流畅易懂相吻合。     

Language translation for file paths

Forensic examiners are frequently confronted with content in languages that they do not understand, and they could benefit from machine translation into their native language. But automated translation of file paths is a difficult problem because of the minimal context for translation and the frequent mixing of multiple languages within a path. This work developed a prototype implementation of a file-path translator that first identifies the language for each directory segment of a path, and then translates to English those that are not already English nor artificial words. Brown's LA-Strings utility for language identification was tried, but its performance was found inadequate on short strings and it was supplemented with clues from dictionary lookup, Unicode character distributions for languages, country of origin, and language-related keywords. To provide better data for language inference, words used in each directory over a large corpus were aggregated for analysis. The resulting directory-language probabilities were combined with those for each path segment from dictionary lookup and character-type distributions to infer the segment's most likely language. Tests were done on a corpus of 50.1 million file paths looking for 35 different languages. Tests showed 90.4% accuracy on identifying languages of directories and 93.7% accuracy on identifying languages of directory/file segments of file paths, even after excluding 44.4% of the paths as obviously English or untranslatable. Two of seven proposed language clues were shown to impair directory-language identification. Experiments also compared three translation methods: the Systran translation tool, Google Translate, and word-for-word substitution using dictionaries. Google Translate usually performed the best, but all still made errors with European languages and a significant number of errors with Arabic and Chinese.     

治安学术研究的现实与前瞻范畴——在全国第五届治安学学术研讨会开幕式上的发言

学术研究的Identity（自性）来源于真正独有的研究对象和范畴、足够量的原创性研究及真正深厚、独特的学术积淀，治安学术课题应当源自最现实的和最真实的时代发展，源自既蓬勃发展、充满希望又夹着各样社会倾斜、矛盾、风险、变异的中国社会。     

唐诗英译发轫期主要文本辨析

中国唐诗的英文译介是19世纪中期以后才开始出现于欧美各国的文化传播现象.在此传播的过程中,旅华传教士和驻华外交官群体中的汉学家贡献尤多.其中戴维斯的<汉文诗解>有特殊的价值,弗莱彻的<英译唐诗选>则是截至目前为止发现的最早的英译唐诗专著.我国学术界对早期英译唐诗的文本和译者研究尚处于起步阶段,其间的某些误读尚有待辨析和厘清.     

英译词条再推敲

《汉英双语现代汉语词典》(2002年增补本)的面世,无论是对以中文学英文,还是以英文学中文的人而言,或日对中国与英语国家之间文化交流,无疑是件大好事。但通读《新记号新义》部分后,本文作者认为,由于种种原因,其中一些词条的英译出现了不同程度的瑕疵,因而有碍其预期效果的实现。现成文一述己见,同时旨在引起有关方面对此予以关注。     

大学制度改革倾向性的分析

处于不同时代、不同文化传统与社会背景之下发生的大学制度改革,在性质、趋向、内容等方面存在着较大的差别.引起大学制度改革的主要因素和大学制度改革的目的,往往规定了大学制度改革的趋向,使其带有明显的倾向性.就历史上曾经发生过的以及当代的大学制度改革来看,大致存在着这样几种倾向性,即学术倾向性、政治倾向性、经济倾向性.分析这些倾向性将有助于我们加深对大学制度改革的理解与认识.