Empathic emotions and justice in society

Empathy is defined as an affect more appropriate to another's situation than to one's own. The paper (i) summarizes different modes of empathic affect arousal; (ii) shows how empathic affect may interact with social-cognitive development, to produce four levels of empathy development; (iii) suggests that causal attributions may transform empathic affect into sympathy, guilt, and empathic anger, which are major moral affects; (iv) discusses how these affects may influence moral judgment and behavior; (v) points up empathic morality's limitations and the need to embed empathy in relevant moral principles; (vi) discusses possible links between empathy and justice principles, with special focus on Rawls; (vii) illustrates the interplay of empathy, moral judgment, and justice; and (viii) suggests that moral principles may become hot cognitions.     

Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences

A preliminary statement of a theoretical framework integrating psychological and societal determinants of justice in human affairs is presented. It is proposed that the social structure provides the rules of entitlement and decision making that regulate the course of routine social interaction. These societally based norms are representable in people's conscious thought processes. By contrast, the psychologically generated rules of entitlement, typically contradict conventionally accepted rules of thought and discourse and thus remain unconscious. The major part of the discussion considers the motivationally important circumstances that engage the unconscious psychologically compelling determinants and how their appearance in behavior is both shaped and legitimized by the situationally prevailing normative context. The final section considers some of the more important methodological, theoretical, and social policy implications of this social psychological theory of entitlements.     

How Surrogate Impact Panels Function in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: A Mixed-Methods Study

ABSTRACT

Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be an urgent social problem, despite decades of intervention and prevention efforts. Restorative justice programs (e.g., victim impact panels) may be a useful addition to intimate partner violence (IPV) intervention, but it is unclear how these panels operate and to what extent they are consistent with restorative justice models. This naturalistic study of IPV surrogate impact panels used ethnographic observation of panels (n = 18), archival analysis of audience responses to the panel (N = 287), and focus groups and interviews (k = 4) with IPV survivors, an audience member, and batterer intervention providers to investigate these gaps. Findings suggest the panels manifest interactional processes consistent with restorative justice principles. Implications, limitations, and future aims of research on these panels are discussed.     

Unclogging Courts by Targeting Litigant Incentives: The Case of the Brazilian Labour Justice Reform

Overburdened courts hinder economic and social progress, yet successful court reforms are rare. Instead of boosting judicial resources or adapting procedure, Brazil tackled persistent backlogs and delays in its labour courts by replacing the pre-existing each-pays-their-own-costs (American) rule for allocation of litigation expenses with an alternative loser-pays-all (English) rule. Using a newly assembled court-level panel dataset and difference-in-differences approach, we show that the reform alleviated the courts' demand pressures and, most importantly, increased court efficacy in both adjudication and enforcement. The Brazilian experience offers valuable policy lessons about viable court reforms for other jurisdictions.     

论邓小平党政关系思想及其发展——纪念邓小平诞辰100周年

邓小平党政关系思想是建立在对政党政治和以党治国的深刻体会和把握的基础上的.邓小平早在抗日战争时期就率先提出反对以党治国和正确处理党政关系的重要思想.建国后,邓小平针对因种种复杂的历史原因,以党治国的作风在党内逐渐盛行起来,逐步形成党的"一元化"领导体制的现象,对如何正确处理党政关系,进行了长时间的深入思考,提出了一系列重要思想.今天,我们正在改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式,即用新型的党政关系逐步取代传统的党政关系,实现党政关系合理化,进一步丰富和发展邓小平关于党政关系的思想.     

论权利主体

权利主体可以归结为两种基本形态--作为权利主体的自我(公民)和作为权利主体的大我(法人).个人只有取得公民的资格,拥有权利能力和行为能力,并拥有权利能力的指向物时,才能成为权利主体.大我是公意的人格化或人格体.在法人行使权利时,支配的自然过程与支配的社会过程必然发生分离.权利主体之间最基本的原则是:所有权的神圣不可侵犯、契约自由和权利主体在法律面前的平等.     

坚持与时俱进推动工运创新

工会工作坚持与时俱进,是适应新形势、实现新任务、探索新模式以及党对工会工作的新要求.工会工作坚持与时俱进,是把握工运规律的客观要求,必须正确认识和处理好几个关系.工会工作坚持与时俱进,必须在思维方式、工会理论、工作内容、工作制度、工会干部知识结构等方面坚持创新.     

中国法律服务市场开放问题浅析

法律服务市场开放问题属于<服务贸易总协定>(CATS)的调整范围.在GATS框架下,各国法律服务市场开放主要面临三种障碍,即市场准入障碍、国民待遇障碍和政策障碍.开放法律服务市场是我国履行世贸组织下的具体承诺的必然要求和表现,但我国也应充分利用GATS的规则,采取逐步开放的政策,最大限度地为我国的法律服务市场提供保护.     

发展权:社会主义初级阶段男女平等的突破口--从第二期上海妇女社会地位调查谈起

以自然分工为基础的男尊女卑的社会性别关系,从诞生之日起就是对妇女发展权的赤裸裸的剥夺,参加社会生产是妇女回归社会、获得发展权的开端,在国家的发展政策中纳入性别观点,使妇女和男性一样平等地参与、促进并享受社会发展是实现发展权、进而实现男女平等的重要环节。目前恰恰就在就业、参政和继续教育等和发展权维护有关的问题上,上海妇女发展遭遇前所未有的挑战。促进、维护和实现妇女发展权,不仅能大幅度提升妇女社会参与的能力与实力,也能大大加快社会民主法制的进程及经济、文化的发展。     

论隐私权的边界--以公共信息为标准

隐私权是一种重要的具体人格权，体现了社会对人在作为独立个体角色时的尊重。但是人不可能总游离于社会角色以外，自然人的隐私和隐私权也有边界。隐私的边界不是自然人的公众人物的社会角色，而是信息的公共性或公益性。以公共利益等原则确定的公共信息来划定隐私权的边界，才能实现独立个体与群体社会的和谐统一。